<\/p>\n
Zeptala se m\u011b jedna \u0161ikovn\u00e1 poslucha\u010dka u\u010ditelstv\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u00ed \u0161koly:<\/p>\n
\u201eV jak\u00e9m ro\u010dn\u00edku vyvozujeme vypravov\u00e1n\u00ed jako novou l\u00e1tku?<\/p>\n
M\u00e1m pocit, \u017ee od 1. do 5. se s t\u00edmto pojmem \u017e\u00e1ci setk\u00e1vaj\u00ed, nejen podle u\u010debnic. Na druhou stranu, kdy\u017e se zept\u00e1m sv\u00e9 sestry, kter\u00e1 je v p\u00e1t\u00e9 t\u0159\u00edd\u011b, \u0159ekne mi, „\u017ee nev\u00ed, co to je, ale pozn\u00e1 to podle textu nebo v kn\u00ed\u017ece…“<\/p>\n
Odpov\u00edd\u00e1m:<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
J\u00e1 V\u00e1m neporad\u00edm s „vyvozov\u00e1n\u00edm l\u00e1tky vypravov\u00e1n\u00ed“, proto\u017ee bych V\u00e1s u\u010dil, \u017ee se l\u00e1tka nevyvozuje… Ale nejsp\u00ed\u0161e m\u00e1te na mysli, kdy \u017ee se m\u00e1 za\u010d\u00edt s t\u00edm, \u017ee u\u010d\u00edme d\u011bti n\u011bco hezky vypravovat a kdy je u\u010d\u00edme si u\u017e\u00edt poslechu nebo \u010dten\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9ho vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed<\/strong>. (To je velk\u00fd rozd\u00edl, kdy\u017e si \u0159ekn\u011bte „budu je u\u010dit vypr\u00e1v\u011bt, budu je u\u010dit \u010d\u00edst vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed“, oproti „vyvod\u00edme si vypravov\u00e1n\u00ed“).<\/p>\n (Mimochodem, v jazykov\u00e9 v\u00fdchov\u011b v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b je to podobn\u011b: kdo moc „u\u010divo vyvozuje“, nut\u00ed v hodin\u00e1ch d\u011bti u\u010dit se gramatiku, ale kdo sp\u00ed\u0161e u\u010d\u00ed d\u011bti se vyj\u00e1d\u0159it v\u00fdsti\u017en\u011b a kultivovan\u00e9, nau\u010d\u00ed d\u011bti se dorozum\u011bt…)<\/p>\n Tak\u017ee j\u00e1 bych V\u00e1s u\u010dil, \u017ee d\u011bti si zprvu jen POV\u00cdDAJ\u00cd<\/strong>, \u017ee je u\u010d\u00edme pov\u00eddat (to jist\u011b akademici neuznaj\u00ed jako term\u00edn, ale n\u00e1m jde o to, aby se d\u011bti nau\u010dily mluvit, \u010d\u00edst si, ps\u00e1t atd.)<\/p>\n A pov\u00eddat se d\u00e1 souvisle, v\u00fdsti\u017en\u011b, s ohledem na druh\u00e9 (aby sly\u0161eli, rozum\u011bli, pochopili, vydr\u017eeli to, m\u011bli radost nebo u\u017eitek). A tohle nenau\u010d\u00edte t\u00edm, \u017ee jim sm\u00eds\u00edte pov\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed s vypravov\u00e1n\u00edm<\/strong>!<\/p>\n Ale v pasivn\u00edm pou\u017eit\u00ed, tam je t\u0159eba se co nejd\u0159\u00edve a st\u00e1le s vypravov\u00e1n\u00edm setk\u00e1vat:<\/p>\n D\u011bti se t\u00edm u\u010d\u00ed vydr\u017eet soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00e9 naslouch\u00e1n\u00ed <\/strong>mluven\u00e9mu \/p\u0159ed\u010d\u00edtan\u00e9mu \/ pozd\u011bji i \u010dten\u00e9mu slovu. Jednak t\u00edm, \u017ee vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed je z definice poutav\u00fdm pod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu <\/strong>s v\u00fdrazn\u00fdmi postavami a s d\u011bjem, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 za\u010d\u00e1tek, postup a konec a taky nap\u011bt\u00ed plynouc\u00ed z konflikt\u016f, z\u00e1pletek i ze sporu dobra a zla nebo sympati\u00ed a nesympati\u00ed atp. Ale tak\u00e9 se u\u010d\u00ed t\u00e9 v\u00fddr\u017ei a soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee vypravov\u00e1n\u00ed se d\u011bje v d\u016fv\u011brn\u00e9m kruhu mezi vyprav\u011b\u010dem a jeho poslucha\u010di\/\u010dten\u00e1\u0159i<\/strong>! To je moc d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, a t\u00edm se pov\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed li\u0161\u00ed od vypravov\u00e1n\u00ed a to se m\u00e1 u\u010dit od prvn\u00edch dn\u016f ve \u0161kole a po\u0159\u00e1d d\u00e1l.<\/span><\/p>\n Teprve, kdy\u017e d\u011bti vrostou do l\u00e1sky k poslechu vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed (to se t\u011b\u017eko \u201enacvi\u010d\u00ed\u201f), je nad\u011bje, \u017ee <\/span>d\u011bti sv\u00e9 pov\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed za\u010dnou taky cht\u00edt pod\u00e1vat poutav\u011b, k vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 radosti a obdarov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong>, kterou vypravov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n To je, jak si um\u00edme p\u0159edstavit, n\u011bco docela jin\u00e9ho ne\u017e \u0161koln\u00ed docela otravn\u00e9 \u201ep\u0159evypr\u00e1v\u011bj pr\u00e1v\u011b p\u0159e\u010dten\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh vlastn\u00edmi slovy\u201f (<\/span>co to po mn\u011b \u00fa\u010da chce, v\u017edy\u0165 jsme si to te\u010f zrovna p\u0159e\u010detli, ona to snad neposlouchala, nebo co?<\/span><\/em>), i ne\u017e velmi n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 zad\u00e1n\u00ed \u201epov\u00eddej n\u00e1m, co jsi d\u011blal v ned\u011bli \/ na hor\u00e1ch \/ v l\u00e9t\u011b\u201f (<\/span>co jako m\u00e1m \u0159\u00edkat, j\u00e1 nevim, nic jsem ned\u011blal takov\u00e9ho…<\/span><\/em>). <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n To, \u017ee mal\u00e9 d\u011bti pov\u00eddaj\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b r\u00e1dy o sv\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b, brzy vyprch\u00e1 a \u0161kola to vytla\u010d\u00ed, proto\u017ee to p\u0159estane d\u00edtko t\u011b\u0161it – u\u017e proto, \u017ee po \u010dase rozpozn\u00e1, jak m\u00e1lo se jeho pov\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed podob\u00e1 hezk\u00e9mu vypravov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed to um\u011bj\u00ed (Hajaja, Lingrenov\u00e1 aj.).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Tak\u017ee od prvn\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddy (kdy\u017e u\u017e ne od \u0161kolky a rodiny) se d\u00edt\u011b pot\u0159ebuje u\u010dit <\/span><\/span>u\u017e\u00edvat si poslechu vypravov\u00e1n\u00ed <\/strong><\/span>od vyprav\u011b\u010d\u016f, a p\u0159itom <\/span><\/span>hojn\u011b pov\u00edd\u00e1 <\/strong><\/span>(i u\u010ditelka ho o pov\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1, ale ne o dlouh\u00e9, a ne o uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9 jako vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed). <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n A n\u00e1vazn\u011b (tj. i sou\u010dasn\u011b) k tomu u\u010d\u00edme d\u011bti <\/span><\/span>vylep\u0161ovat <\/strong><\/span>sv\u00e9 pov\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed tak, \u017ee<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n a) je u\u010d\u00edme <\/span><\/span>naj\u00edt n\u011bco, \u010demu d\u00edt\u011b samo dob\u0159e rozum\u00ed <\/strong><\/span>(zn\u00e1 to, za\u017eilo to, \u201estuduje si to\u201f)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n b) <\/span><\/span>naj\u00edt, co by ostatn\u00ed mohlo opravdu zaj\u00edmat <\/strong><\/span>(u\u010d\u00edme d\u011bti si vypravov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ipravovat: poradit se s druh\u00fdmi, jak\u00e9 t\u00e9ma by je zaujalo, co by se o n\u011bm r\u00e1dy dozv\u011bd\u011bly)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n c) sv\u00e9 pov\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed uspo\u0159\u00e1dat tak, aby st\u00e1lo za to ho cel\u00e9 sledovat \u2013 tedy p\u0159ipravovat si vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n d) u\u010d\u00edme d\u011bti z\u00e1rove\u0148 s poslechem vypr\u00e1v\u011bnek <\/span><\/span>pojednat <\/strong><\/span>r\u016fzn\u00e1 t\u00e9mata, probl\u00e9my, tj. v\u011bcn\u011b, p\u0159ehledn\u011b a pou\u010dn\u011b o nich popov\u00eddat a pozd\u011bji \u2013 dost brzy – i napsat.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Teprve kdy\u017e se nau\u010d\u00edme o tohle ve \u0161kole pe\u010dovat, je nad\u011bje, \u017ee z\u00edsk\u00e1me d\u011bti pro <\/span><\/span>aktivn\u00ed vypravov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/span>. Jak dlouh\u00e9, jak uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9 bude, to z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed jednak na v\u011bku a vysp\u011blosti d\u00edt\u011bte: jak dalece u\u017e m\u00e1 na to, aby si <\/span><\/span>prom\u00fd\u0161lelo, p\u0159ipravovalo vypravov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/span>, a aby <\/span><\/span>v\u011bdom\u011b pe\u010dovalo o vyprav\u011b\u010dsk\u00fd kruh <\/strong><\/span>kolem sebe, kdy\u017e vypr\u00e1v\u011bt za\u010dne. Nebudeme to odkl\u00e1dat dlouho: d\u011bti v prvn\u00ed t\u0159\u00edd\u011b se nau\u010d\u00ed naslouchat druh\u00fdm aspo\u0148 tak, aby nel\u00edtaly kolem a neru\u0161ily. Tak\u017ee zvl\u00e1dnou vyslechnout a podat mal\u00e9 pov\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed. Ale u\u017e druh\u00e1ci si mohou dop\u0159\u00e1vat vypravov\u00e1n\u00ed \u2013 nejprve podle vzor\u016f a s d\u011bjem, kter\u00fd nen\u00ed jejich, n\u00fdbr\u017e ten, jej\u017e si n\u011bkde vyslechly nebo na\u010detly.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Je to v\u0161ak jin\u00e9 \u201ep\u0159evypravov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201f, ne\u017e to z lavice na po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed b\u011bhem v\u00fduky: <\/span><\/span>Vypravov\u00e1n\u00ed je ud\u00e1lost, pro kterou se ostatn\u00ed sejdou s v\u011bdom\u00edm, \u017ee te\u010f to nastane, \u017ee to bude z\u00e1\u017eitek, \u017ee jeden tam bude ten hlavn\u00ed \u2013 vyprav\u011b\u010d<\/strong><\/span>, a druz\u00ed tentokr\u00e1t ti poslucha\u010di, jemu vd\u011b\u010dn\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed zatleskaj\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed se budou <\/span><\/span>potom<\/span><\/em> vypt\u00e1vat na podrobnosti p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu a postav (jasn\u011b, \u017ee mal\u00e9 d\u011bti podaj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh i podrobnosti p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 sv\u00e9mu rozumu, ale tu atmosf\u00e9ru, ten ritu\u00e1l vyprav\u011b\u010dsk\u00fd u\u010ditelka nau\u010d\u00ed a nastol\u00ed v maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e). Ur\u010dit\u011b se to nepoda\u0159\u00ed ve t\u0159\u00edd\u011b, kde nech\u00e1v\u00e1me d\u011bti sed\u011bt \u201enosem do zad\u201f a kde si nevid\u00ed do tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Kv\u016fli kr\u00e1sn\u00e9mu ritu\u00e1lu, efektu, obsahu vypravov\u00e1n\u00ed pak stoj\u00ed za to i mluvit kr\u00e1sn\u011b: <\/span><\/span>z\u0159eteln\u011b a spr\u00e1vn\u011b a nahlas vyslovovat<\/strong><\/span>, d\u00edvat se na poslucha\u010de, jak je to t\u011b\u0161\u00ed, pod\u00e1vat <\/span><\/span>tempem a dynamikou <\/strong><\/span>jak \u0159e\u010d vyprav\u011b\u010de, tak \u0159e\u010di postav <\/span><\/span>pomalu a proc\u00edt\u011bn\u011b<\/strong><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>hledat v\u00fdsti\u017en\u00e1 slova a kr\u00e1sn\u00e1 p\u0159irovn\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/span>, <\/span><\/span>d\u00e1vat v\u011bcem nov\u00e1 kr\u00e1sn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na<\/strong><\/span>. A taky <\/span><\/span>prom\u00fd\u0161let si d\u011bj <\/strong><\/span>a jeho uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed i pod\u00e1n\u00ed, aby druz\u00ed \u017easli.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n Takto nemus\u00ed vypr\u00e1v\u011bt jen arabsk\u00fd poh\u00e1dk\u00e1\u0159, ale i \u017e\u00e1k t\u0159et\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddy \u2013 samoz\u0159ejm\u011b s p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00edmi n\u00e1roky na dokonalost v\u00fdkonu. Ale c\u00edle, norma, krit\u00e9ria, po kter\u00e1 usilujeme, jsou obdobn\u00e1 jako u velk\u00e9ho poh\u00e1dk\u00e1\u0159e. (A nebereme si za vzory ty r\u016fzn\u00e9 plkaniny od mnoha dne\u0161n\u00edch pisatel\u016f hajaj\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed nud\u00ed p\u0159em\u00edl\u00e1n\u00edm v\u0161edn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edhod sv\u00fdch figurek, kter\u00e9 jako by m\u011bly p\u0159ipom\u00ednat p\u0159esn\u011b to, co d\u011bl\u00e1 d\u011btsk\u00fd poslucha\u010d denn\u011b. Vypravov\u00e1n\u00ed mus\u00ed b\u00fdt <\/span><\/span>o n\u011b\u010dem velkolep\u00e9m: state\u010dn\u00e9m, n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9m, spravedliv\u00e9m <\/strong><\/span>atp. D\u011bti nemaj\u00ed vypr\u00e1v\u011bt o tom, jak jdou r\u00e1no do \u0161koly \u2013 to nikoho nezaj\u00edm\u00e1! Ale jak obch\u00e1zej\u00ed toho hnusn\u00e9ho sousedova hafana, jak ho chl\u00e1chol\u00ed a p\u0159itom se boj\u00ed, \u017ee pes p\u0159esko\u010d\u00ed plot, a jak maj\u00ed sen, \u017ee ho nal\u00e1kaj\u00ed na bu\u0159ta a odvedou do sv\u00e9ho z\u00e1mku za lesy, kde pro n\u011b bude lovit zaj\u00edce a srny…)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n K v\u00fduce vypravov\u00e1n\u00ed mus\u00edme d\u011btem dodat mnoho: <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n p\u0159\u00edklady, \tu kter\u00fdch si v\u0161\u00edm\u00e1me, pro\u010d se n\u00e1m tak l\u00edb\u00ed, jak jsou \u201eu\u0161it\u00e9\u201f \t– proto se ve \u0161kole a doma m\u00e1 hodn\u011b \u010d\u00edst, p\u0159ed\u010d\u00edtat a \tpov\u00eddat si o p\u0159e\u010dten\u00e9m<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n disciplinovan\u00e9 \tposlucha\u010dstvo \u2013 proto si domluv\u00edme pravidla chov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159i \u010detb\u011b \ta poslechu a taky sankce (o co \u017e\u00e1douc\u00edho p\u0159ijdu, kdy\u017e pravidlo \tporu\u0161\u00edm?)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n r\u016fzn\u00e9 \tmo\u017en\u00e9 za\u010d\u00e1tky, kter\u00fdmi se z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 pozornost \u2013 ty z\u00edsk\u00e1me \thlavn\u011b z \u010detby!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n dovednost \tnap\u00ednat poslucha\u010de tajemstv\u00edm, odkl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00edm \tneuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fdch a p\u0159esto d\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u011b vypadaj\u00edc\u00edch postav \tnebo v\u00fdkon\u016f \u2013 to se u\u010d\u00edme v \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9m \u010dten\u00ed dobr\u00fdch \tp\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016f, kladen\u00edm zv\u00eddav\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek m\u00ed\u0159\u00edc\u00edch i za text (a \tne ptan\u00edm na ban\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fadaje v textu jasn\u011b uveden\u00e9, jako \u201ekolik \t\u017eilo v Bullerbynu d\u011bt\u00ed?\u201f)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n hojnou \tzp\u011btnou vazbou v podob\u011b ot\u00e1zek, po\u017eadavku o pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed, \t\u017e\u00e1dost\u00ed o zaps\u00e1n\u00ed toho p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu do t\u0159\u00eddn\u00ed knihy (nenech\u00e1me \tsi vykr\u00e1st pojem knihy n\u011bjak\u00fdm \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edm lejstrem a povedeme si \tt\u0159\u00eddn\u00ed knihu b\u00e1sn\u00ed, t\u0159\u00eddn\u00ed knihu poh\u00e1dek, t\u0159\u00eddn\u00ed knihu \tchytr\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek!, atp.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n Ov\u0161em\u017ee takov\u00e1 v\u00fduka nen\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b podle u\u010debnice \u2013 ale na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed v prim\u00e1rn\u00ed \u0161kole a zejm\u00e9na v liter\u00e1rn\u00ed v\u00fdchov\u011b \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 u\u010debnice nen\u00ed!<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Zeptala se m\u011b jedna \u0161ikovn\u00e1 poslucha\u010dka u\u010ditelstv\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u00ed \u0161koly: \u201eV jak\u00e9m ro\u010dn\u00edku vyvozujeme vypravov\u00e1n\u00ed jako novou l\u00e1tku? M\u00e1m pocit, \u017ee od 1. do 5. se s t\u00edmto pojmem \u017e\u00e1ci setk\u00e1vaj\u00ed, nejen podle u\u010debnic. Na druhou stranu, kdy\u017e se zept\u00e1m sv\u00e9 sestry, kter\u00e1 je v p\u00e1t\u00e9 t\u0159\u00edd\u011b, \u0159ekne mi, „\u017ee nev\u00ed, co to je, ale pozn\u00e1 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":73,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-73","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezarazene"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/73","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/73"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=73"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/73\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":75,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/73\/revisions\/75"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=73"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=73"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=73"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}\n