{"id":51,"date":"2009-12-10T11:24:08","date_gmt":"2009-12-10T10:24:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/?p=51"},"modified":"2009-12-10T11:24:08","modified_gmt":"2009-12-10T10:24:08","slug":"pasivizacni-metody","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/2009\/12\/10\/pasivizacni-metody\/","title":{"rendered":"Pasiviza\u010dn\u00ed metody?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- \t\t@page { size: 21cm 29.7cm; margin: 2cm } \t\tP { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm\">To nen\u00ed p\u0159eklep nam\u00edsto \u201eaktivizuj\u00edc\u00ed\u201f, n\u00fdbr\u017e je to skute\u010dn\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka. Na jin\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b zde na webu se diskutuje na podn\u011bt mlad\u00e9ho kantora o tom, jak se da\u0159\u00ed do v\u00fduku vn\u00e9st \u201eaktiviza\u010dn\u00ed metody\u201f. To je takov\u00e1 na\u0161e slangov\u00e1 zkratka: ale v\u0161ichni asi m\u00e1me na mysli to, \u017ee <strong>chceme ve v\u00fduce aktivizovat \u017e\u00e1ky<\/strong>. To nen\u00ed mali\u010dk\u00fd rozd\u00edl, proto\u017ee aktivitu ve v\u00fduce nevyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 jenom n\u011bkter\u00e1 nau\u010den\u00e1 metoda v\u00fduky a u\u010den\u00ed, ale taky jin\u00e9 faktory: jen si zkuste obr\u00e1tit to a \u0159\u00edct si, kter\u00e9 <strong>pasiviza\u010dn\u00ed faktory <\/strong>ve \u0161kole pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me! Hned se uk\u00e1\u017eou i ty, co nejsou metodami.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p><!-- \t\t@page { size: 21cm 29.7cm; margin: 2cm } \t\tP { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } --><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm\">Tak v prv\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b je brzdou \u017e\u00e1kovy aktivity <strong>nesrozumitelnost v\u00fdklad\u016f<\/strong>, text\u016f, zad\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 \u017e\u00e1k denn\u011b dost\u00e1v\u00e1 a sv\u00fdm mozkem je\u0161t\u011b nesta\u010d\u00ed lu\u0161tit. Nejsou to \u201ev\u011bdeck\u00e9\u201f texty, \u010demu nerozum\u00ed. Jeho ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed se zabrzd\u00ed jedn\u00edm dv\u011bma slov\u00ed\u010dky \u2013 obvykle term\u00edny oboru, kter\u00e9 on sice m\u00e1 zn\u00e1t (u\u017e mu t\u0159i roky \u0159\u00edk\u00e1me, co je <em>p\u0159\u00edvlastek<\/em><span style=\"font-style: normal\">, ale on po\u0159\u00e1d chaoticky st\u0159\u00edl\u00ed\u00ed naslepo, kdy\u017e m\u00e1 ve v\u011bt\u011b naj\u00edt p\u0159\u00edvlastek<\/span>), jen\u017ee jsme nepou\u017eili postupu, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m by se \u017e\u00e1k\u016fm ze slov\u00ed\u010dka stal pojem a ten by se za\u0159adil do s\u00edt\u011b jejich u\u017e pochopen\u00fdch pojm\u016f (kolem p\u0159\u00edvlastku by to mohly b\u00fdt jeho laick\u00e9 a \u010dasto nep\u0159esn\u00e9 pojmy jako \u201en\u011b\u010d\u00ed vlastnosti\u201f, \u201eco jak\u00e9 je\u201f, \u201ejak to popsat p\u0159esn\u011bji\u201f, \u201eslova, co kon\u010d\u00ed na -\u00fd nebo -\u00ed\u201f atp. Mezi n\u011b by se mu m\u011bl <em><span style=\"text-decoration: none\">p\u0159\u00edvlastek<\/span><\/em><span style=\"text-decoration: none\"> zasadit jako kv\u011bt do ikebany a d\u00e1vat spole\u010dn\u011b jasn\u00fd a kr\u00e1sn\u00fd dojem. (Kolikam\u00edstn\u00fdm \u010d\u00edslem se ve t\u0159\u00edd\u011b sedm\u00e1k\u016f vyj\u00e1d\u0159\u00ed procento t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed aspo\u0148 takto <\/span><em><span style=\"text-decoration: none\">p\u0159\u00edvlastek <\/span><\/em><span style=\"text-decoration: none\">usazen\u00fd maj\u00ed?). Mluvit a zad\u00e1vat pr\u00e1ci srozumiteln\u011b nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 \u201emetoda\u201f.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm\"><span style=\"text-decoration: none\">Dal\u0161\u00ed brzda, kterou pot\u0159ebujeme ve v\u00fduce odbrzdit, je p\u0159ece <\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: none\"><strong>strach<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: none\">, stres (ten ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed). Hodn\u011b u\u010ditel\u016f si ho plete s motivac\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad kdy\u017e \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed, \u017ee \u201ezn\u00e1mky motivuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1ka k v\u00fdkonu\u201f. O tom se vedou diskuse nejm\u00e9n\u011b dvacet let, a po\u0159\u00e1d se d\u011bti u\u010d\u00ed kv\u016fli zn\u00e1mk\u00e1m. Takov\u00e1 aktivita, kterou \u017e\u00e1k kv\u016fli lep\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1mce, nebo sp\u00ed\u0161e kv\u016fli obran\u011b p\u0159ed hor\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1mkou vykon\u00e1, je jednor\u00e1zov\u00e1, sebeobrann\u00e1, ale nen\u00ed to aktivita u\u010den\u00ed! U\u010den\u00ed v mozku prob\u00edh\u00e1 i rozko\u0161emi, i stresy, ale ty stresy musej\u00ed b\u00fdt pom\u011brn\u011b p\u0159\u00edmo odstraniteln\u00e9 \u2013 \u017e\u00e1k je brzy a uspokojen\u011b p\u0159ekon\u00e1, a ne \u017ee ho ty trojky a\u017e p\u011btky pron\u00e1sleduj\u00ed. Ale strach ve \u0161kole plyne i ze stra\u0161\u00edch \u010di v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch spolu\u017e\u00e1k\u016f, kdy\u017e je\u0161t\u011b ne\u0161ikanuj\u00ed, ale u\u017e ohro\u017euj\u00ed, strkaj\u00ed se, zkr\u00e1tka nejsou pro d\u00edt\u011b v\u017edy p\u0159ipravenou vst\u0159\u00edcnou a n\u00e1pomocnou osobou. Takov\u00e9 osm\u00e1ky bych r\u00e1d vid\u011bl&#8230;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm\"><span style=\"text-decoration: none\">Jin\u00fdm typem pasivizuj\u00edc\u00ed brzdy je <\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: none\"><strong>prost\u0159ed\u00ed <\/strong><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: none\">\u2013 umakartov\u00e9 a roz\u0161kleben\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy s pr\u00e1zdn\u00fdmi st\u011bnami, ale i steriln\u00ed pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 nebo masov\u00e9 v\u00fdzdobn\u00e9 prvky na chodb\u00e1ch, a zejm\u00e9na p\u0159\u00ed\u0161ern\u00e1 hlu\u010dnost prostor\u016f! T\u00e9 si snad u n\u00e1s \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd hygienik nev\u0161\u00edm\u00e1 (rad\u0161i chod\u00ed k \u0159ezn\u00edkovi st\u00edrat bakterii z dla\u017edi\u010dky), ale d\u011bti i u\u010ditel\u00e9 jsou \u00fapln\u011b mrtv\u00ed, pasivizovan\u00ed a unaven\u00ed po prvn\u00edch dvou hodin\u00e1ch t\u0159\u00ed\u0161tiv\u00e9 ozv\u011bny ve t\u0159\u00edd\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 nemaj\u00ed \u010dlen\u011bn\u00fd strop, nemaj\u00ed nikde z\u00e1v\u011bsy (alergii, nebo klid?), plochy st\u011bn nejsou \u010dlen\u011bny sk\u0159\u00ed\u0148kami, v nich\u017e by si d\u00edt\u011b ukl\u00e1dalo a chr\u00e1nilo osobn\u00ed v\u00fdtvory vznikl\u00e9 v hodin\u00e1ch. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm\"><span style=\"text-decoration: none\">Vida, jak do prost\u0159ed\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed tak\u00e9 celkov\u00e9 <\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: none\"><strong>klima<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: none\">, radostnost pr\u00e1ce a setk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Jestli nev\u011b\u0159\u00edme v mo\u017enost, \u017ee \u0161kola m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pro d\u00edt\u011b m\u00edstem radost\u00ed nejen o p\u0159est\u00e1vk\u00e1ch, ale taky v hodin\u00e1ch a ve spole\u010dn\u00fdch akc\u00edch \u0161koly, pak sami vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00edme pasiviza\u010dn\u00ed \u0161kolu. To se pak m\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159etrhnout n\u00e1cvikem interaktivn\u00edch metod \u2013 nedos\u00e1hneme ni\u010deho se \u017e\u00e1ky, kter\u00e9 z\u00e1rove\u0148 drt\u00ed celkov\u00e9 klima povinn\u00e9 doch\u00e1zky do hodin, kde se sotvakdy uplatn\u00ed jejich talent nebo \u0161petka vlastn\u00edho n\u00e1zoru, osobn\u00ed \u00favahy a n\u00e1padu. Mo\u017en\u00e1 v\u00e1s osobn\u011b budou m\u00edt r\u00e1di za va\u0161i lidskou str\u00e1nku, kdy\u017e pat\u0159\u00edte k t\u011bm spravedliv\u00fdm a mil\u00fdm u\u010ditel\u016fm a u\u010ditelk\u00e1m. Ale do proces\u016f u\u010den\u00ed se jim takov\u00fd izolovan\u00fd u\u010ditel nevraz\u00ed&#8230;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm\"><span style=\"text-decoration: none\">Ale nab\u00edz\u00edm i <\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: none\"><strong>skute\u010dn\u00e9 pasiviza\u010dn\u00ed metody<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: none\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm\"><span style=\"text-decoration: none\">Kdy\u017e u\u010ditel k sv\u00e9mu v\u00fdkladu <\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: none\"><strong>h\u00e1z\u00ed do pl\u00e9na ot\u00e1zky a nech\u00e1 odpov\u011bd\u011bt jednoho \u010di dva<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: none\">. U\u010ditel p\u0159esto v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee i ostatn\u00ed \u017e\u00e1ci \u201eaktivn\u011b naslouchaj\u00ed\u201f. Ale jak v\u00edme, \u017ee aktivn\u011b? \u017de naslouchaj\u00ed, to si mysl\u00edme proto, \u017ee se pr\u00e1v\u011b nebav\u00ed se sousedem nebo si nehraj\u00ed pod stolem. Ale jestli to naslouch\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bjak aktivn\u011b zam\u011bstn\u00e1v\u00e1 jejich mozek a srdce, nebo jestli jenom otrocky d\u00e1vaj\u00ed sv\u00e9 u\u0161i v plen, to nepozn\u00e1me, dokud nepracujeme opravdu aktiviza\u010dn\u011b &#8211; kdy\u017e na ka\u017edou ot\u00e1zku vytvo\u0159\u00ed a d\u00e1 odpov\u011b\u010f ka\u017ed\u00fd \u017e\u00e1k. Nen\u00ed to je\u0161t\u011b \u201emetoda\u201f, sp\u00ed\u0161 jen z\u00e1sada: nechej \u017e\u00e1ky, aby o tv\u00e9 ot\u00e1zce chvili\u010dku (7 sec) nejprve sami p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161leli. Tj. nikdo nevyk\u0159ikuje, a to ani tu spr\u00e1vnou odpov\u011b\u010f, ba ani u\u010ditel\/ka nedoobjas\u0148uje svou ot\u00e1zku, proto\u017ee ji sa-mo-z\u0159ej-m\u011b um\u00ed zformulovat p\u0159esn\u011b a dostate\u010dn\u011b u\u017e napoprv\u00e9 (nebo ji m\u00e1 p\u0159edepsanou u\u017e na tabuli a jen ji odkryje?). U\u010ditel ani nenapov\u00edd\u00e1, aby vym\u00e1mil z aspo\u0148 n\u011bkoho tu svou, spr\u00e1vnou odpov\u011b\u010f.  Nech\u00e1 je opravdu hledat jejich vlastn\u00ed n\u00e1lezky, t\u0159ebas \u0161patn\u00e9. A pak daj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1ci odpov\u011b\u010f na tvou ot\u00e1zku sousedovi a vyslechnou tu jeho.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm\"><span style=\"text-decoration: none\">A je\u0161t\u011b jedna pasiviza\u010dn\u00ed polometoda \u2013 <\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: none\"><strong>v\u00fdtvory \u017e\u00e1k\u016f a\u0165 kon\u010d\u00ed k ni\u010demu<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: none\">: se zn\u00e1mkou, v se\u0161it\u011b, v u\u010ditelov\u011b \u0161upleti pro p\u0159\u00edpad inspekce, nebo a\u0165 se prost\u011b u\u017e do nich nikdo nikdy ned\u00edv\u00e1. A\u0165 \u017e\u00e1kova snaha, pokus a pr\u00e1ce vyjdou zmarn\u011bn\u011b. Je marn\u00e9 napsat slohovku na dv\u011b i prov\u00e9st experiment s protokolem za jedna nebo za \u010dty\u0159i, kdy\u017e se t\u00edm vlastn\u011b nic nevytvo\u0159ilo, nevyzkoumalo, neobjasnilo v\u0161em kolem a venku. Norm\u00e1ln\u00ed je, \u017ee to, co d\u011bl\u00e1me, d\u011bl\u00e1me kv\u016fli n\u011b\u010demu, k n\u011bjak\u00e9mu c\u00edli, kter\u00fd ch\u00e1peme. Ale u\u010den\u00ed se \u201edo z\u00e1soby\u201f, k p\u0159ij\u00edma\u010dk\u00e1m za p\u011bt let \u010di za rok, \u201e\u017ee se ti to jednou bude hodit\u201f, &#8211; to v\u0161e jsou pro nedosp\u011bl\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b moc vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 mety. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm\"><span style=\"text-decoration: none\">Ne\u0159ekl jsem pros\u00edm, \u017ee nem\u00e1me d\u011bti u\u010dit, aby <\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: none\"><strong>m\u00ed\u0159ily i na vzd\u00e1len\u00e9, u\u0161lechtil\u00e9 c\u00edle<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: none\">! Naopak \u2013 mus\u00edme je tomu u\u010dit, a to znamen\u00e1 nikoli d\u00e1vat jim rovnou \u00fakoly, jimi\u017e nemohou c\u00edle dos\u00e1hnout nebo kter\u00fdmi se odrad\u00ed od cesty. Mus\u00edme d\u011bti na vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 c\u00edle <\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: none\"><strong>tr\u00e9novat<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: none\">. A tr\u00e9nink nen\u00ed \u201ehodit do vody, a\u0165 plave\u201f, nebo d\u00e1t dvacet klik\u016f. Vyberte si p\u0159\u00edklad bli\u017e\u0161\u00ed intelektu\u00e1ln\u00edmu u\u010den\u00ed \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad tr\u00e9nink odpalu v baseballu nebo tr\u00e9nink hodu na ko\u0161 v basketu. To je kr\u016f\u010dek za kr\u016f\u010dkem, v promy\u0161len\u00e9m sledu, a nav\u00edc si ka\u017ed\u00fd uprav\u00ed tu svou cesti\u010dku v tr\u00e9ninku taky s\u00e1m podle sebe.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm\"><span style=\"text-decoration: none\">Kdy\u017e budeme nech\u00e1vat d\u011bti jenom marn\u011b m\u00e1chat p\u00e1lkou nebo vrhat m\u00ed\u010d, v\u011bt\u0161ina se otr\u00e1v\u00ed s\u00e9ri\u00ed ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdch pokus\u016f, a zcela pr\u00e1vem. P\u0159edstavte si sebe, jak se u\u010d\u00edte z ni\u010deho nic na housle pokusem a omylem. Ta bolest v u\u0161\u00edch a prstech, to by se na to jeden vyka\u0161lal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm\">\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm\">A snad by n\u00e1m pomohlo v\u011bd\u011bt, \u017ee kdy\u017e u\u017e do sv\u00e9 v\u00fduky vkl\u00e1d\u00e1me opravdov\u00e9 aktivizuj\u00edc\u00ed metody, nejdou proti na\u0161\u00ed snaze jen ty okoln\u00ed a \u010dasto nevid\u011bn\u00e9 \u0161koln\u00ed pom\u011bry, ale \u017ee <strong>proti aktivizaci jdeme taky my sami!<\/strong> Kdepak \u017e\u00e1ci, kte\u0159\u00ed se ani moc necht\u011bj\u00ed v\u00edc nam\u00e1hat, ale na\u0161e u\u010ditelsk\u00e9 n\u00e1vyky, na\u0161e rozvr\u017een\u00ed \u010dasu mezi \u0161kolu a domov, i organizace na\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravy na v\u00fduku, i na\u0161e vlastn\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed k d\u011btem a lidem v\u016fbec jde n\u011bkdy proti aktivizaci: Je um\u011bn\u00edm v sob\u011b potla\u010dit tu touhu pro brzk\u00e9 spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 odpov\u011bdi, nebo tu p\u0159edstavu, \u017ee spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 je pr\u00e1v\u011b ta na\u0161e odpov\u011b\u010f (u\u010ditel k \u017e\u00e1kov\u011b odpov\u011bdi \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 \u201eNe, to jsem nemyslel&#8230;\u201f). A taky z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na n\u00e1s, zda si d\u00e1me pr\u00e1ci s promy\u0161len\u00edm u\u010diva: d\u00e1vaj\u00ed ta na\u0161e \u201et\u00e9mata\u201f v\u016fbec n\u011bjakou lidsky p\u0159ijatelnou souvislost? Pro\u010d tolik u\u010ditelek u\u010d\u00ed v liter\u00e1rn\u00ed v\u00fdchov\u011b \u201eznaky bajky\u201f? Nam\u00e1haly se ujasnit si, co vlastn\u011b z toho \u010dlov\u011bk m\u00e1, \u017ee rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1 bajku a \u017ee v\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm je d\u00e1no, \u017ee text nen\u00ed t\u0159ebas anekdotou? Ned\u00e1vno m\u00e9 studentky vzaly do p\u00e1t\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy jihoamerickou indi\u00e1nskou \u201ebajku\u201f o tom, pro\u010d krab neleze dop\u0159edu. B\u00e1c ho! Jin\u00e1 kultura vyplodila text, kter\u00fd je nap\u016fl cesty mezi bajkou a b\u00e1j\u00ed, a d\u011bti samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nemohou prov\u00e9st \u00fakol \u201eur\u010dete, zda jde o bajku\u201f. Prov\u00e1d\u011bly ho zdatn\u011b, ale ov\u0161em k v\u00fdsledku se tu dosp\u011bt nedalo \u2013 to by musela i u\u010ditelka i d\u011bti b\u00fdt nau\u010deny v\u011bd\u011bt a sn\u00e1\u0161et to, \u017ee na\u0161e \u017e\u00e1nry jsou jenom pom\u016fcka, uzance, kter\u00e1 b\u00fdv\u00e1 v tvorb\u011b autor\u016f napl\u0148ov\u00e1na, a t\u00edm se p\u0159ed\u00e1vaj\u00ed jist\u00e9 zaveden\u00e9 obsahy sd\u011blen\u00ed (\u201epozor, tady ur\u010dit\u011b vyplyne pou\u010den\u00ed o mravnosti nebo spravedlivosti!\u201f): Ale tato uzance b\u00fdv\u00e1 taky r\u016fzn\u011b rozru\u0161ov\u00e1na nebo ignorov\u00e1na, a nen\u00ed to ke \u0161kod\u011b d\u00edla a \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e, n\u00fdbr\u017e pro jeho obohacen\u00ed. S t\u00edm arci na p\u00e1\u0165\u00e1ky je\u0161t\u011b necho\u010fte \u2013 ale nevtloukejte jim ani p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee se v\u0161e d\u00e1 a m\u00e1 za\u0161katulkovat. Sv\u011bt a pozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed jsou st\u00e1le otev\u0159en\u00e1 z\u00e1le\u017eitost, nikoli \u00fakol ke spln\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm\">T\u00edm nejt\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00edm p\u0159i zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed aktivizace do v\u00fduky a \u0161koly mysl\u00edm b\u00fdv\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b \u00fakol <strong>p\u0159ekonat v sob\u011b touhu po jasn\u00fdch \u0161katul\u00edch <\/strong>a) na u\u010divo, b) na lidi v\u010d. d\u011bt\u00ed, c) na chov\u00e1n\u00ed, d) na v\u00fdsledky u\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm\">D\u011bti ur\u010dit\u011b pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed jistotu kolem sebe, ale brzy se pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed u\u010dit pohybovat i v nejistot\u00e1ch. Nem\u011bli bychom si pl\u00e9st, kde maj\u00ed co dost\u00e1vat: jistoty v osobn\u00edch vztaz\u00edch k u\u010ditel\u016fm, jistoty v pravidlech a spravedlivosti \u0161koly a u\u010ditel\u016f, jistoty v pomoci od u\u010ditel\u016f, ale nejistoty v procesech b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, v u\u010den\u00ed a pozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed.  Ur\u010dit\u011b jsou mezi d\u011btmi i u\u010diteli i lid\u00e9 s pot\u0159ebou b\u00fdt poslu\u0161n\u00ed, plnit \u0159\u00e1dn\u011b p\u0159\u00edkazy a b\u00fdt pochv\u00e1len. Ale vzd\u011blanost, vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v na\u0161\u00ed civilizaci \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l v\u00edc znamen\u00e1 naopak samostatnost, zodpov\u011bdnost za sebe a za sv\u011bt, tvo\u0159ivost, dob\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdch poznatk\u016f, \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed vzd\u011blanosti. Vzd\u011blanost u\u017e nen\u00ed ani pouh\u00e1 u\u010denost, ani jenom disciplinovanost, n\u00fdbr\u017e u\u010denost spojen\u00e1 s aktivn\u00edm a zodpov\u011bdn\u00fdm jedn\u00e1n\u00edm.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>To nen\u00ed p\u0159eklep nam\u00edsto \u201eaktivizuj\u00edc\u00ed\u201f, n\u00fdbr\u017e je to skute\u010dn\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka. Na jin\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b zde na webu se diskutuje na podn\u011bt mlad\u00e9ho kantora o tom, jak se da\u0159\u00ed do v\u00fduku vn\u00e9st \u201eaktiviza\u010dn\u00ed metody\u201f. To je takov\u00e1 na\u0161e slangov\u00e1 zkratka: ale v\u0161ichni asi m\u00e1me na mysli to, \u017ee chceme ve v\u00fduce aktivizovat \u017e\u00e1ky. To nen\u00ed mali\u010dk\u00fd rozd\u00edl, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":73,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-51","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezarazene"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/73"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=51"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":53,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/51\/revisions\/53"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=51"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=51"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=51"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}