{"id":35,"date":"2009-11-03T21:57:13","date_gmt":"2009-11-03T19:57:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/?p=35"},"modified":"2009-11-03T21:57:13","modified_gmt":"2009-11-03T19:57:13","slug":"umeni-a-skolni-deti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/2009\/11\/03\/umeni-a-skolni-deti\/","title":{"rendered":"Um\u011bn\u00ed a \u0161koln\u00ed d\u011bti?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Na sousedn\u00edm webu p\u00ed\u0161e kolegyn\u011b J.Langerov\u00e1 o tom, jak ch\u00e1pe v\u00fduku v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9 v\u00fdchovy atp. Podobn\u011b jako kolega Slej\u0161ka v koment\u00e1\u0159i bych se r\u00e1d dozv\u011bd\u011bl, jak konkr\u00e9tn\u011b se d\u00e1 v hodin\u00e1ch postupovat, i jak vypad\u00e1 takov\u00fd vyu\u010dovac\u00ed program na rok a\u017e na dev\u011bt let.
\nAle p\u00ed\u0161u si to zde na Ireneu, proto\u017ee mysl\u00edm, \u017ee je t\u0159eba p\u0159idat je\u0161t\u011b druh\u00fd pohled na vztah mezi um\u011bn\u00edm a \u017e\u00e1ky.
\nA to: jak u\u010d\u00edme \u017e\u00e1ky um\u011bn\u00ed vn\u00edmat, p\u0159ij\u00edmat a „pou\u017e\u00edvat“ <\/strong>pro jejich vlastn\u00ed dobro.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e u\u010d\u00edm sv\u00e9 studentky u\u010ditelstv\u00ed pro 1.stupe\u0148 didaktice liter\u00e1rn\u00ed v\u00fdchovy, vid\u00edm na prax\u00edch, jak vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 jim je (po p\u011bti letech vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00e9ho studia mj. i \u010de\u0161tiny a literatury…) \u010d\u00edst si um\u011bleckou literaturu a odhalovat v n\u00ed velk\u00e9 my\u0161lenky a pro\u017eitky, kter\u00e9 do d\u00edla nastra\u017eil autor, ale kter\u00e9 do n\u011bho z\u00e1rove\u0148 vs\u00e1kly z jeho doby a tak\u00e9 z na\u0161\u00ed doby, a hlavn\u011b z \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e samotn\u00e9ho. Um\u011bn\u00ed mluv\u00ed k \u010dlov\u011bku v podivn\u00e9m rozhovoru, nikoli jako tlampa\u010d, kter\u00fd na \u010dlov\u011bka vol\u00e1 pou\u010den\u00ed nebo mu nal\u00e9v\u00e1 n\u011bjakou rozko\u0161. U\u017e dlouh\u00e1 desetilet\u00ed se tomu v jedn\u00e9 z teori\u00ed liter\u00e1rn\u00ed komunikace\u00a0 \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 transakce<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Nen\u00ed to \u010desk\u00e9 slovo „obchodn\u00ed transakce“, ale je to prost\u011b vz\u00e1jemn\u00e1 v\u00fdm\u011bna, n\u011bco za n\u011bco: kn\u00ed\u017eka, b\u00e1se\u0148, obraz, symfonie atd. mi cosi sv\u00e9ho p\u0159edkl\u00e1d\u00e1 k p\u0159ijet\u00ed, ale j\u00e1 jako vn\u00edmatel\u00a0 tomu d\u00edlu taky n\u011bco d\u00e1v\u00e1m ze sebe! Ne \u017ee bych ho dopisoval, domalov\u00e1val, ale u\u017e jen to, \u017ee si t\u0159ebas nad Trnkovou Zahradou d\u00edt\u011b p\u0159edstavuje zarostlou zahradu a p\u011bt slon\u016f, \u017ee si vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed a v du\u0161i prom\u00edt\u00e1 „z\u00e1b\u011br“ velryby v jez\u00edrku, je t\u00edm, co vn\u00edmatel, d\u00edt\u011b, dosp\u011bl\u00fd, d\u00e1v\u00e1 tomu d\u00edlu.<\/p>\n

Mysl\u00edte si, \u017ee tyhle na\u0161e p\u0159edstavy, na\u0161e vzpom\u00ednky, kter\u00e9 hudba vzbudila, nebo touhy, kter\u00e9 obraz podn\u00edtil, v tom pozorovan\u00e9m poslouchan\u00e9m nebo \u010dten\u00e9m d\u00edle nez\u016fstanou? V nekulturn\u00ed spole\u010dnosti, v barbarsk\u00e9m n\u00e1rod\u011b mo\u017en\u00e1 opravdu zm\u00edz\u00ed z\u00e1rove\u0148 se mnou. Jen\u017ee my vychov\u00e1v\u00e1me d\u011bti pro n\u00e1rod kulturn\u00ed, jak\u00fdm \u010ce\u0161i kdysi b\u00fdvali. A v takov\u00e9m n\u00e1rod\u011b nesed\u00ed lid\u00e9 izolovan\u011b u sv\u00e9 televize, n\u00fdbr\u017e setk\u00e1vaj\u00ed se a hovo\u0159\u00ed o sv\u00e9 \u010detb\u011b, o obrazech, kter\u00e9 vid\u011bli, vym\u011b\u0148uji si sv\u00e9 dojmy, pro\u017eitky a poznatky i pou\u010den\u00ed z \u010detby atp. A t\u00edmhle sd\u00edlen\u00edm, <\/strong>spole\u010dn\u00fdm p\u0159e\u017evykov\u00e1n\u00edm toho, co individu\u00e1ln\u011b spolykali p\u0159i setk\u00e1n\u00ed s um\u011bleck\u00fdm d\u00edlem, vznik\u00e1 spole\u010dn\u00e9 pov\u011bdom\u00ed<\/strong> o tom, co b\u00e1se\u0148 M\u00e1j vlastn\u011b znamen\u00e1, \u010d\u00edm je n\u00e1m mil\u00e1 a cenn\u00e1, i pro\u010d n\u00e1s tak t\u011b\u0161\u00ed Jar(da) Cimrman, nebo jak\u00e9 to je pot\u011b\u0161en\u00ed d\u00edvat se na obrazy modern\u00edch mal\u00ed\u0159\u016f,. Sd\u00edl\u00edme v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 svoje rozpaky, t\u0159ebas nad sou\u010dasn\u00fdm b\u00e1sn\u00edkem, kter\u00fd jako pan Krchovsk\u00fd tak trefn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 surov\u00fdch vulgarism\u016f, \u017ee n\u00e1m to a\u017e p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 klasika Gellnera…<\/p>\n

My \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i, vn\u00edmatel\u00e9 v\u0161ech um\u011bn\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00edme pochopen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se vzn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed nad n\u00e1mi v\u0161emi, kter\u00e9 pak u\u010d\u00edme sv\u00e9 d\u011bti a u\u010d\u00edme je taky vykl\u00e1dat jejich nov\u00e9 kousky pochopen\u00ed\u00a0 a jejich osobn\u00ed pro\u017eitky do toho spole\u010dn\u00e9ho pov\u011bdom\u00ed o d\u00edle i o cel\u00e9 kultu\u0159e. A to je to, co \u010dlov\u011bk transakc\u00ed s um\u011bleck\u00fdm d\u00edlem do d\u00edla vkl\u00e1d\u00e1. P\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed \u010dten\u00e1\u0159, obvykle, pokud jsme ho my u\u010ditel\u00e9 ve \u0161kole tro\u0161ku vzd\u011blali, nepotk\u00e1v\u00e1 d\u00edlo zcela neinformovan\u011b, jako barbar, ale u\u017e p\u0159i prvn\u00edm pol\u00edben\u00ed s um\u011bleck\u00fdm d\u00edlem v n\u011bm pozn\u00e1v\u00e1, co tro\u0161ku s\u00e1m tu\u0161il, pro\u017eil, cht\u011bl, a a\u017e se o tom mil\u00e9m setk\u00e1n\u00ed s obrazem, b\u00e1sn\u00ed nebo skladbou zase bude bavit s p\u0159\u00e1teli, obohat\u00ed jejich spole\u010dn\u00fd z\u00e1\u017eitek a spole\u010dn\u00e9 porozum\u011bn\u00ed o ty sv\u00e9 po\u017eitky. Kdy\u017e budou stejn\u00e9 jako ty jejich a jako ty, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly jejich babi\u010dky a prad\u011bdov\u00e9, bude to dob\u0159e, proto\u017ee se t\u00edm kultura n\u00e1roda uchov\u00e1v\u00e1 a p\u0159ipravuje k p\u0159enesen\u00ed na d\u011bti t\u011bchto d\u011bt\u00ed. Kdy\u017e bude vn\u00edmatel\u016fv po\u017eitek a poznatek, nov\u00e1 my\u0161lenka, kterou v d\u00edle nalezl, netradi\u010dn\u00ed, p\u0159evratn\u00e1, obohat\u00ed to na\u0161e spole\u010dn\u00e9 porozum\u011bn\u00ed d\u00edlu taky.<\/p>\n

A tohle v\u0161e tu p\u00ed\u0161u proto, \u017ee um\u011bleck\u00e1 v\u00fdchova ve \u0161kole nem\u00e1 b\u00fdt jenom v\u00fdchovou k tvo\u0159ivosti a tvo\u0159en\u00ed, n\u00fdbr\u017e rozhodn\u011b a z\u00e1rove\u0148 i v\u00fdchovou ke kultivovan\u00e9mu vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed, k dovednosti transakce s um\u011bleck\u00fdmi d\u00edly<\/strong>. I d\u011bti netvo\u0159iv\u00e9, bez jiskry n\u00e1padu mohou b\u00fdtpodp\u00e1leny nebo aspo\u0148 o\u017eehnuty um\u011bn\u00edm a jeho zv\u011bst\u00ed ppron\u00e1rod a pro lidstvo – kdy\u017e je k tomu vedeme od d\u011btstv\u00ed, a kdy\u017e v dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b \u0161kola v\u011bdom\u011b a \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b bude protiv\u00e1hou pasivn\u00edmu \u010dumilstv\u00ed a jednoduch\u00e9mu „relaxu“.<\/p>\n

V hodin\u00e1ch liter\u00e1rn\u00ed v\u00fdchovy je k tomu mnoho p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed a metod, ale mus\u00edme se jim asi nau\u010dit, proto\u017ee ty star\u00e9 (rozbory b\u00e1sn\u011b, nebo „sezn\u00e1men\u00ed s J.S.Macharem“ atp.) v\u016fbec nefunguj\u00ed, nebo zab\u00edraj\u00ed na p\u00e1r d\u011btech z velmi elitn\u00edch rodin. U\u010d\u00edm sv\u00e9 studentky, aby se dopracovaly toho, \u017ee p\u0159ed \u010dten\u00edm textu si promysl\u00ed, co vlastn\u011b ten text k n\u00e1m vys\u00edl\u00e1 za zpr\u00e1vu, za nosnou my\u0161lenku nebo principi\u00e1ln\u00ed pro\u017eitek. A kdy\u017e na tohle jako vysp\u011bl\u00e9 \u010dten\u00e1\u0159ky p\u0159ijdou, maj\u00ed p\u016fl pr\u00e1ce hotovo – ne \u017ee to pak d\u011btem vyslepi\u010d\u00ed a nadiktuj\u00ed do se\u0161itu! Ale \u017ee zorganizuj\u00ed hodinu dv\u011b v\u00fduky tak, aby se d\u011bti setkaly s textem a\u017e pot\u00e9, co jim u\u010ditelka pomohla vhodnou ot\u00e1zkou nebo \u00fakolem v sob\u011b vybavit to, co v nich na setk\u00e1n\u00ed s textem a jeho my\u0161lenkou u\u017e \u010dekalo, ani\u017e to v\u011bd\u011bly. Budem \u010d\u00edst b\u00e1se\u0148 o sn\u011bhu a jak mrzne za nehty? A pochopila pan\u00ed u\u010ditelka, \u017ee v b\u00e1sni jde o to, jak rozko\u0161n\u00e9 je trp\u011bt zimou, kdy\u017e po depresivn\u00edm a de\u0161tiv\u00e9m podzimu p\u0159ijde \u010dis\u0165ounk\u00fd sn\u00edh, jas a radov\u00e1nky na s\u00e1\u0148k\u00e1ch? Mus\u00ed se tedy d\u011bt\u00ed zeptat, jestli u\u017e za\u017eily situaci, ve kter\u00e9 bylo t\u0159eba n\u011bco vytrp\u011bt, n\u011bco sn\u00e1\u0161et, aby mohly za\u017e\u00edt velkou radost.<\/p>\n

A d\u011bti si snadno vzpom\u00ednaj\u00ed: jak musely m\u011bs\u00edc vyn\u00e1\u0161et odpadky, aby rodi\u010de dovolili si po\u0159\u00eddit kot\u011b do bytu. Nebo jak je \u0161tve cvi\u010dit na pi\u00e1no, ale \u017ee je bezva pak zahr\u00e1t ostatn\u00edm ve t\u0159\u00edd\u011b p\u00edsni\u010dku. Nebo jak tvrd\u011b tr\u00e9nuj\u00ed v hokejov\u00e9m dru\u017estvu, aby si jednou za m\u011bs\u00edc zahr\u00e1li z\u00e1pas v d\u011btsk\u00e9 lize…<\/p>\n

A pan\u00ed u\u010ditelka se ka\u017ed\u00e9ho z d\u011bt\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b zept\u00e1, jak\u00e9 to je ta radost, pro\u010d je pro n\u011b takov\u00e1 d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1, \u017ee kv\u016fli n\u00ed n\u011bco vytrp\u011bly. A ka\u017ed\u00e9 z d\u011bt\u00ed si nap\u00ed\u0161e na tajn\u00fd l\u00edstek\u00a0 sv\u016fj nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed d\u016fvod, pop\u00ed\u0161e, jak mu je, kdy\u017e m\u00e1 tu radost, co to s n\u00edm d\u011bl\u00e1…<\/p>\n

A u\u017e jsou zral\u00ed si p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst tu b\u00e1se\u0148 o prvn\u00edm sn\u011bhu. U\u017e budou ch\u00e1pat, co znamen\u00e1 kter\u00fd ver\u0161, jeliko\u017e pan b\u00e1sn\u00edk ty radosti p\u0159i zmrzl\u00fdch u\u0161\u00edch taky vyzn\u00e1v\u00e1, vzpom\u00edn\u00e1 na n\u011b a dop\u0159\u00e1v\u00e1 si je i na star\u00e1 zmrzl\u00e1 kolena.<\/p>\n

Um\u011bn\u00ed, um\u011bleck\u00e1 v\u00fdpov\u011b\u010f je na sv\u011bt\u011b proto, abychom spole\u010dn\u011b m\u011bli pozn\u00e1n\u00ed a pro\u017eitky, kter\u00e9 z n\u00e1s d\u011blaj\u00ed lidi. Nev\u00edme sice, jak je to u delf\u00edn\u016f, jestli taky maj\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9 v\u011bdom\u00ed, ale tu\u0161\u00edme, \u017ee \u0161impanzi asi maj\u00ed n\u011bco podobn\u00e9ho, a kdov\u00ed, jak to chod\u00ed v klubku ko\u010dek. Ale nem\u011bli bychom zapom\u00ednat ve v\u00fduce na to, \u017ee a\u0165 u\u017e d\u00edlo tvo\u0159\u00edme, nebo vn\u00edm\u00e1me, \u017ee je to pr\u00e1v\u011b pro tohle spole\u010dn\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed lidstv\u00ed a civilizace.<\/p>\n

Oni i barba\u0159i m\u011bli svou germ\u00e1nskou kulturu, ale rysem barbarstv\u00ed je, \u017ee vystrkuje, vy\u010dle\u0148uje jin\u00e9 z na\u0161eho spole\u010denstv\u00ed, je to kultura boje proti druh\u00fdm, svalnat\u00ed bozi zbijou jin\u00e9 bohy a se\u017eerou jejich d\u011bti i n\u00e1rody. Kde\u017eto civilizovanost je lidsk\u00e1, tedy takov\u00e1, \u017ee my lid\u00e9 jsme to kulturn\u00ed spole\u010denstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Na\u0161i \u017e\u00e1ci, kdy\u017e sv\u011bt p\u016fjde dob\u0159e, se asi do\u017eijou a dopracuj\u00ed toho, \u017ee se pojem kultury a civilizovanosti roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed i na spole\u010denstv\u00ed s p\u0159\u00edrodou, nejen na spole\u010denstv\u00ed lidstva. S gorilami sice nem\u00e1me spole\u010dnou hudbu ani b\u00e1sn\u011b, ale ony do sv\u011bta vkl\u00e1daj\u00ed po\u017eadavek p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed rovnov\u00e1hy, kter\u00fd my lid\u00e9 taky dnes u\u017e um\u00edme p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst, a my lid\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017eeme takov\u00fd sv\u011bt vytvo\u0159it, pokud se dopracujeme toho, \u017ee p\u0159estaneme zb\u011bsile \u017er\u00e1t v\u0161e, co je kolem n\u00e1s.<\/p>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd den ve \u0161kole by m\u011bl \u017e\u00e1ka o kousek posunout vp\u0159ed k takov\u00fdm velevzd\u00e1len\u00fdm c\u00edl\u016fm. Dn\u016f jeho d\u011btsk\u00e9ho \u017eivota je toti\u017e d\u011bsn\u011b m\u00e1lo na to, jak slo\u017eit\u00e9 kulturn\u00ed vztahy a pojmy v n\u011bm maj\u00ed za ta l\u00e9ta vzniknout. Kdy\u017e to pro\u0161vihneme, zapln\u00ed jeho du\u0161i rozko\u0161e z fand\u011bn\u00ed Ban\u00edku nebo z obdivu k stupidn\u00edm celebrit\u00e1m konzumn\u00edho \u017eivota, anebo jeho du\u0161i uchv\u00e1t\u00ed pud ovl\u00e1dat a zneu\u017e\u00edvat druh\u00e9.\u00a0 Oboj\u00ed \u0161patn\u011b, gorily to nep\u0159e\u017eijou, hned po n\u00e1s.<\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Na sousedn\u00edm webu p\u00ed\u0161e kolegyn\u011b J.Langerov\u00e1 o tom, jak ch\u00e1pe v\u00fduku v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9 v\u00fdchovy atp. Podobn\u011b jako kolega Slej\u0161ka v koment\u00e1\u0159i bych se r\u00e1d dozv\u011bd\u011bl, jak konkr\u00e9tn\u011b se d\u00e1 v hodin\u00e1ch postupovat, i jak vypad\u00e1 takov\u00fd vyu\u010dovac\u00ed program na rok a\u017e na dev\u011bt let. Ale p\u00ed\u0161u si to zde na Ireneu, proto\u017ee mysl\u00edm, \u017ee je t\u0159eba […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":73,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezarazene"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/73"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":37,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35\/revisions\/37"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}