{"id":275,"date":"2015-08-07T13:59:57","date_gmt":"2015-08-07T11:59:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/?p=275"},"modified":"2015-08-07T13:59:57","modified_gmt":"2015-08-07T11:59:57","slug":"mluveni-poslouchani-cteni-i-psani-jedno-jest","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/2015\/08\/07\/mluveni-poslouchani-cteni-i-psani-jedno-jest\/","title":{"rendered":"Mluven\u00ed, poslouch\u00e1n\u00ed, \u010dten\u00ed i psan\u00ed jedno jest"},"content":{"rendered":"

Po del\u0161\u00edm \u010dase se vrac\u00edm na blog Ireneus. Mezi\u010das jsem str\u00e1vil prac\u00ed pro u\u010ditele a s u\u010diteli, ale krok za krokem jsem tak\u00e9 dokon\u010doval kn\u00ed\u017eku \u010ce\u0161tina doopravdy – n\u00e1vrh pojet\u00ed didaktiky oboru \u010cesk\u00fd jazyk a literatura na 1. stupni Z\u0160<\/strong>. T\u00edm, jak p\u0159ib\u00fdv\u00e1 u\u010ditel\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se o c\u00edl\u00edch a obsahu v\u00fduky \u010de\u0161tiny rozhoduj\u00ed samostatn\u011b, tak\u00e9 p\u0159ib\u00fdv\u00e1 u\u010ditel\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed shled\u00e1vaj\u00ed, \u017ee pom\u016fcky, u\u010debnice ani jejich dosavadn\u00ed pr\u016fprava ani praxe nesta\u010d\u00ed na to, aby se u nich ve t\u0159\u00edd\u011b u\u010dil opravdu ka\u017ed\u00fd \u017e\u00e1k, a aby ka\u017ed\u00fd zvl\u00e1dal \u010de\u0161tinu st\u00e1le l\u00e9pe. Maj\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddu plnou \u017e\u00e1k\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou ka\u017ed\u00fd jin\u00fd v osobnostn\u00edm v\u00fdvoji i v rozvoji \u0159e\u010dov\u00e9m nebo \u010dten\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m. U\u017e poznali, \u017ee u\u010ditel\u016fm ani d\u011btem nem\u016f\u017ee hromadn\u011b pomoci n\u011bjak\u00fd pevn\u00fd, p\u0159edem hotov\u00fd n\u00e1vod, program, jedin\u00e1 u\u010debnice. Pokusil jsem se tedy sestavit kn\u00ed\u017eku, kter\u00e1 jednak podpo\u0159\u00ed uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed u\u010ditel\u016f o tom, co d\u011bti, co v\u00fduka a co \u010desk\u00fd jazyk a literatura pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed, a kter\u00e1 jim tak\u00e9 nab\u00eddne na v\u00fdb\u011br r\u016fzn\u00e9 mo\u017enosti, jak k obsahu p\u0159edm\u011btu i k zp\u016fsobu v\u00fduky p\u0159istupovat.\u010ce\u0161tina doopravdy<\/strong> je  n\u00e1vrh toho, pro\u010d a jak by se dalo v hodin\u00e1ch \u010de\u0161tiny (ale i v jin\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011btech) l\u00e9pe spojit \u010dten\u00ed a psan\u00ed s pravopisem i gramatikou a s v\u00fdchovou komunika\u010dn\u00ed. Cel\u00e9 je to postaveno na prost\u00e9m dorozum\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b p\u0159irozen\u011b ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 na sv\u00e9 \u00farovni, t\u0159eba\u017ee dosud ne moc kultivovan\u011b a \u010dasto ne docela \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b. M\u00e9 pojet\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159\u00ed na kultivovan\u00e9 vyjad\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed a vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed \u0159e\u010di. To je n\u011bco trochu jin\u00e9ho ne\u017e pr\u016fprava k zvl\u00e1dnut\u00ed spisovn\u00e9ho jazyka, jakou jsme mnoz\u00ed d\u00e1vno nebo ned\u00e1vno pro\u0161li ve vlastn\u00edm studiu.<\/p>\n

Pro d\u00edt\u011b je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed, aby c\u00edle, \u010dinnosti a atmosf\u00e9ra ve v\u00fduce byly co nejbl\u00ed\u017ee tomu, jak se \u017e\u00e1k s\u00e1m pot\u0159ebuje dorozum\u00edvat s ostatn\u00edmi ve t\u0159\u00edd\u011b, s lidmi mimo \u0161kolu, a tak\u00e9 s\u00e1m se sebou (kdy\u017e pro sebe n\u011bco prom\u00fd\u0161l\u00ed, \u010dte, za\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 i p\u00ed\u0161e).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Kn\u00ed\u017eka je ur\u010dena nejen m\u00fdm studentk\u00e1m a student\u016fm u\u010ditelstv\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u00ed \u0161koly, ale  v\u0161em u\u010ditel\u016fm na 1. stupni Z\u0160, kter\u00e9 tr\u00e1p\u00ed to, jak t\u011b\u017eko jde v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b \u017e\u00e1k\u016f do hlavy (a do pusy i do ruky) ta \u010di ona l\u00e1tka, jak malou m\u00edvaj\u00ed slovn\u00ed z\u00e1sobu, jak nedok\u00e1\u017eou vytvo\u0159it souvislou a sd\u011blnou v\u011btu \u010di p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u011b soudr\u017en\u00fd text, nebo jak dlouho \u010di nikdy se nemohou nau\u010dit pravopisu a tvar\u016fm spisovn\u00e9 \u010de\u0161tiny, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b jak neradi a chab\u011b \u010dtou a o \u010detb\u011b hovo\u0159\u00ed.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Kn\u00ed\u017eka opravdu nepod\u00e1v\u00e1 zaru\u010den\u00fd n\u00e1vod, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd v\u0161el\u00e9k. V\u011b\u0159\u00edm, \u017ee dobr\u00e1 v\u00fduka plyne z dob\u0159e rozmy\u0161len\u00e9ho u\u010ditelova programu pro jeho t\u0159\u00eddu, pro ty \u017e\u00e1ky, kter\u00e9 letos m\u00e1 p\u0159ed sebou.<\/p>\n

K tomu m\u00e1 tahle didaktika u\u010ditel\u016fm pr\u00e1v\u011b poslou\u017eit.<\/p>\n

Pokud navr\u017een\u00e9 pohledy na u\u010den\u00ed \u010de\u0161tin\u011b a leckter\u00e9 m\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy nebudou pro n\u011bkoho p\u0159ijateln\u00e9 \u2013 nebude knihu \u010d\u00edst, nebude vyu\u017e\u00edvat, co nab\u00edz\u00ed. To je v\u00fdhoda svobodn\u00e9ho \u0161kolstv\u00ed!<\/p>\n

Ale mo\u017en\u00e1 bude m\u00e9 pojet\u00ed pro n\u011bkoho hodn\u011b nezvykl\u00e9, ale r\u00e1d by n\u011bco zkusil. Proto tato didaktika nevy\u017eaduje, aby u\u010ditel zm\u011bnil v\u0161e, co dosud um\u011bl a \u010dinil. V\u0161e, co u\u010ditel dosud um\u011bl d\u011blat dob\u0159e a co d\u011btem opravdu pom\u00e1h\u00e1, toho u\u010ditel i nad\u00e1le vyu\u017eije – i mnoh\u00e9 v\u00fdklady a n\u00e1cviky pravopisn\u00e9 \u010di gramatick\u00e9, postupy ve \u010dten\u00ed atp. Hlavn\u00edm a mo\u017en\u00e1 nov\u00fdm prvkem bude to, \u017ee u\u010ditel zkus\u00ed, aby to, \u010demu \u017e\u00e1ky u\u010d\u00ed, bezpe\u010dn\u011b souviselo s opravdov\u00fdm dorozum\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm, aby to sm\u011b\u0159ovalo u\u017e v dan\u00e9 hodin\u011b, v tomto t\u00fddnu i m\u011bs\u00edci k tomu, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1k n\u011bco pot\u0159ebn\u00e9ho nebo p\u011bkn\u00e9ho sd\u011bl\u00ed (\u0159ekne \u010di nap\u00ed\u0161e) tomu, kdo to pot\u0159ebuje nebo chce sly\u0161et \u010di \u010d\u00edst. A \u017ee se \u017e\u00e1k v\u011bnuje poslechu nebo \u010dten\u00ed n\u011b\u010deho, o \u010dem s\u00e1m zjist\u00ed, \u017ee to chce a pot\u0159ebuje.<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Na doporu\u010den\u00ed zku\u0161en\u00fdch u\u010ditelek, kter\u00e9 m\u016fj n\u00e1vrh didaktiky laskav\u011b posoudily, nab\u00edz\u00edm v publikaci i jist\u00e9 „start\u00e9ry“. To jsou n\u00e1pady na to, kter\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st novinek se d\u00e1 v nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edch letech zvl\u00e1dnout a \u017e\u00e1k\u016fm tak\u00e9 dob\u0159e pom\u016f\u017ee. A na co se pak d\u00e1 navazovat vlastn\u00edmi u\u010ditelov\u00fdmi prom\u011bnami v\u00fduky.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Nab\u00edz\u00edm zde na Ireneu \u00favodn\u00ed p\u0159ehled kapitol, abyste se tak docela neob\u00e1vali zaj\u00edce v pytli.<\/p>\n

Ke kn\u00ed\u017ece d\u00e1le chyst\u00e1m webovou str\u00e1nku, kde m\u016f\u017eeme o n\u00e1padech, postupech, v\u00fdkonech \u017e\u00e1k\u016f i sv\u00fdch diskutovat, kam dod\u00e1m dal\u0161\u00ed nab\u00eddky, a kde se \u010dasem – jak douf\u00e1m – budou u\u010ditel\u00e9  domlouvat o tom, jak podporuj\u00ed u sv\u00fdch \u017e\u00e1k\u016f rozvoj mluven\u00ed, poslouch\u00e1n\u00ed, \u010dten\u00ed a psan\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 o pro\u017eitku nebo vztahu sv\u00fdch \u017e\u00e1k\u016f k \u010detb\u011b, k psan\u00ed a k mate\u0159sk\u00e9mu i spisovn\u00e9mu jazyku \u010desk\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Pokud si budete kn\u00ed\u017eku \u010ce\u0161tina doopravdy koupit, sledujte ji na webu http:\/\/www.levneucebnice.cz\/<\/a><\/p>\n

Tam si ji v e-shopu m\u016f\u017eete objednat (za cenu v\u010detn\u011b po\u0161tovn\u00e9ho), anebo se popt\u00e1te u knihkupce ve m\u011bst\u011b a koup\u00edte si ji bez po\u0161tovn\u00e9ho (ale ov\u0161em s mar\u017e\u00ed pro knihkupce…)<\/p>\n

\u010ce\u0161tina doopravdy – N\u00e1vrh didaktick\u00e9ho pojet\u00ed v\u00fduky vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edho oboru \u010cesk\u00fd jazyk a literatura na 1. stupni Z\u0160.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ond\u0159ej Hausenblas<\/p>\n

P\u0159edkl\u00e1d\u00e1m n\u00e1vrh didaktick\u00e9ho pojet\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011btu \u201e\u010desk\u00fd jazyk a literatura\u201c, kter\u00e9<\/p>\n

m\u00e1 pom\u00e1hat u\u010ditel\u016fm vyu\u010dovat tak, aby se v hodin\u00e1ch v\u00fduky na 1. stupni Z\u0160 u\u010dil<\/p>\n

kultivovan\u011b a \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b dorozum\u00edvat ka\u017ed\u00fd \u017e\u00e1k. N\u00e1vrh je ur\u010den jak pro studenty<\/p>\n

u\u010ditelstv\u00ed 1. stupn\u011b Z\u0160, tak pro u\u010ditele v praxi.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

P\u0159ehled obsahu<\/p>\n

1. V prvn\u00ed kapitole (\u201eV\u00fdchodiska n\u00e1vrhu\u201c) se sezn\u00e1m\u00edte s t\u00edm, na co o v\u00fduce<\/p>\n

\u010de\u0161tiny ve \u0161kole v\u011b\u0159\u00edm j\u00e1 i \u0159ada u\u010ditel\u016f v praxi. Porovn\u00e1te s t\u00edm sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed p\u0159edstavy<\/p>\n

i n\u00e1zory a zku\u0161enosti. Je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 n\u00e1vrhy se l\u00e9pe vyjasn\u00ed a\u017e v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch<\/p>\n

kapitol\u00e1ch. S n\u011b\u010d\u00edm budete souhlasit a n\u011bco v\u00e1s mo\u017en\u00e1 zaraz\u00ed. Mo\u017en\u00e1, \u017ee se dotknu<\/p>\n

pojet\u00ed \u010de\u0161tiny a v\u00fduky p\u0159edm\u011btu zp\u016fsobem, na kter\u00fd nejste zvykl\u00ed nebo o jak\u00e9m jste<\/p>\n

prozat\u00edm uva\u017eovali jen m\u00e1lo. Vydr\u017ete. Zv\u00e1\u017e\u00edte sami, nakolik m\u016f\u017eete nebo chcete<\/p>\n

p\u0159edlo\u017een\u00e1 v\u00fdchodiska p\u0159ijmout nebo respektovat.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

2. V druh\u00e9 kapitole (\u201eProgram pro rozvoj kultivovanosti v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b\u201c) vysv\u011btl\u00edm, co<\/p>\n

pova\u017euji za podstatn\u00e9 pro dobr\u00e9 dorozum\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed a jak to podporovat ve \u0161kole krok za<\/p>\n

krokem. Nab\u00edz\u00edm zde jako p\u0159\u00edklad \u201estart\u00e9ry\u201c, kter\u00e9 pomohou u\u010diteli prom\u011bnit v\u00fduku<\/p>\n

jen postupn\u011b, v\u017edy v jedin\u00e9 ze slo\u017eek v\u00fduky, zvl\u00e1dnuteln\u011b pro n\u011bho i pro \u017e\u00e1ky.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

3. V t\u0159et\u00ed kapitole (\u201ePl\u00e1n v\u00fduky \u010de\u0161tiny doopravdy\u201c) jsou vyjmenov\u00e1ny a<\/p>\n

vysv\u011btleny c\u00edle v\u00fduky, tedy ur\u010dit\u00e9 kvality toho, jak m\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1k pou\u017e\u00edvat jazyka<\/p>\n

kultivovan\u011b a jak \u010d\u00edst se z\u00e1jmem a s porozum\u011bn\u00edm. U ka\u017ed\u00e9ho z c\u00edl\u016f p\u0159edkl\u00e1d\u00e1m<\/p>\n

praktick\u00e9 n\u00e1vrhy \u201eJak na to\u201c. Jsou to konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed n\u00e1pady, postupy nebo metody pro<\/p>\n

rozv\u00edjen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1kova dorozum\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed v dan\u00e9m u\u010divu a c\u00edli.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

4. V kapitole \u010dtvrt\u00e9 (\u201eJak to chod\u00ed s dorozum\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm ve \u0161kole\u201c) se sna\u017e\u00edm d\u00e1t v\u0161e<\/p>\n

do souvislosti tak, abychom m\u011bli jasn\u00fd obraz \u0161koly, v n\u00ed\u017e se kultivovan\u00e9<\/p>\n

dorozum\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed opravdu podporuje.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

5. V p\u00e1t\u00e9 kapitole (\u201eRozvrh v\u00fduky, osnova a jak to zvl\u00e1dnout\u201c) pod\u00e1v\u00e1m pro<\/p>\n

tvorbu u\u010debn\u00edho pl\u00e1nu rozpis \u010dty\u0159 lini\u00ed, kter\u00e9 bychom m\u011bli ve v\u00fduce rozv\u00edjet, proto\u017ee<\/p>\n

t\u011bsn\u011b souvisej\u00ed se \u017e\u00e1kovou \u0159e\u010d\u00ed a s jeho \u010dten\u00edm (v\u010detn\u011b psan\u00ed). I zde nab\u00edz\u00edm hodn\u011b<\/p>\n

n\u00e1pad\u016f a postup\u016f nebo situac\u00ed, ve kter\u00fdch m\u016f\u017eeme z d\u011bt\u00ed vychov\u00e1vat \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e i<\/p>\n

kultivovan\u00e9 u\u017eivatele \u010de\u0161tiny.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

6. V \u0161est\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti jsou obsa\u017eeny mo\u017enosti pro podporu \u017e\u00e1kova psan\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b<\/p>\n

zvl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed pravopisu a mluvnice spisovn\u00e9ho jazyka, a to psan\u00ed jako u\u010debn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed<\/p>\n

v\u00fdznamn\u00e9ho pro to, aby se \u017e\u00e1ci cht\u011bli a mohli nau\u010dit spr\u00e1vn\u011b i kultivovan\u011b<\/p>\n

vyjad\u0159ovat a d\u016fkladn\u011b \u010d\u00edst.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Po del\u0161\u00edm \u010dase se vrac\u00edm na blog Ireneus. Mezi\u010das jsem str\u00e1vil prac\u00ed pro u\u010ditele a s u\u010diteli, ale krok za krokem jsem tak\u00e9 dokon\u010doval kn\u00ed\u017eku \u010ce\u0161tina doopravdy – n\u00e1vrh pojet\u00ed didaktiky oboru \u010cesk\u00fd jazyk a literatura na 1. stupni Z\u0160. T\u00edm, jak p\u0159ib\u00fdv\u00e1 u\u010ditel\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se o c\u00edl\u00edch a obsahu v\u00fduky \u010de\u0161tiny rozhoduj\u00ed samostatn\u011b, tak\u00e9 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":73,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-275","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezarazene"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/73"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=275"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":279,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275\/revisions\/279"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=275"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=275"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=275"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}