V diskus\u00edch kolem st\u00e1tn\u00ed maturity \u2013 zejm\u00e9na nad p\u00edsemkami \u2013 se hezky ukazuje, jak moc je pot\u0159eba spole\u010dn\u011b si ujas\u0148ovat, jak kdo ch\u00e1pe kter\u00fd v\u00fdraz. Onehdy se na Eduin.cz objevila diskuse \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016f o tom, co by to m\u011bla b\u00fdt re\u00e1ln\u00e1 tvorba text\u016f, nebo tvorba re\u00e1ln\u00fdch text\u016f. A taky bychom mohli \u0159\u00edct re\u00e1ln\u00e1 tvorba re\u00e1ln\u00fdch text\u016f… atd. Ale asi se to d\u00e1 uchopit i jednodu\u0161e.<\/p>\n
Pr\u00e1v\u011b \u010de\u0161tin\u00e1\u0159i tohle jist\u011b um\u011bj\u00ed a r\u00e1di d\u011blaj\u00ed: kdo u\u017e jin\u00fd m\u00e1 dob\u0159e ten rozd\u00edl um\u011bt vymezit i pochopit? A taky nau\u010dit druh\u00e9! A jasno m\u00edt pot\u0159ebujeme, abychom se dohodli, co t\u0159ebas \u017e\u00e1dat u maturity, nebo jak dos\u00e1hnout lep\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdsledk\u016f u \u017e\u00e1k\u016f na Z\u0160, atd.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Mohli bychom se shodnout, \u017ee re\u00e1ln\u00e9 texty jsou ty, kter\u00e9 se u n\u00e1s vyskytuj\u00ed v realit\u011b, tj. v kr\u00e1sn\u00e9 literatu\u0159e, v nau\u010dn\u00e9 literatu\u0159e, v novin\u00e1ch, v r\u00e1diu, na internetu atd.? Tyhle texty bych si bral za c\u00edl v\u00fduky jen velmi promy\u0161len\u011b:<\/p>\n
a) Ty texty mizern\u00e9 jen jako p\u0159edm\u011bt k anal\u00fdze, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 jejich mizernost odhalit a pak mo\u017en\u00e1 k napravov\u00e1n\u00ed toho, co n\u011bjak\u00fd neum\u011btel na\u0161kr\u00e1bal. Ale to je dost n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd \u00fakol, abychom na n\u011bm pracovali nap\u0159\u00edklad s osm\u00e1ky, mus\u00edme to m\u00edt dob\u0159e p\u0159ipraven\u00e9, nep\u016fjde do toho sko\u010dit n\u00e1hle a bez pr\u016fpravy na textech dobr\u00fdch, a to je bod b).<\/p>\n
b) Re\u00e1ln\u00e9 texty zda\u0159il\u00e9 (v\u011bcn\u00e9 i um\u011bleck\u00e9) samoz\u0159ejm\u011b \u010dteme po\u0159\u00e1d, i v dal\u0161\u00edch p\u0159edm\u011btech se dnes sleduje, aby se o oboru v\u00edc \u010detlo a na porozum\u011bn\u00ed \u010dten\u00e9mu se \u017e\u00e1ky pracovalo (matematici \u010dasto pozoruj\u00ed, \u017ee d\u011bti nevy\u0159e\u0161\u00ed \u00falohu proto, \u017ee nedok\u00e1\u017eou „na\u010d\u00edst“ zad\u00e1n\u00ed, a nikoli \u017ee nedok\u00e1\u017eou naj\u00edt postup \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed).<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Re\u00e1ln\u00e1 tvorba text\u016f je ale n\u011bco jin\u00e9ho!<\/p>\n
Proces, kter\u00fdm m\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1k sv\u016fj text vytvo\u0159it, m\u00e1 m\u00edt (aspo\u0148 ty hlavn\u00ed) rysy toho, jak se v \u017eivot\u011b dobr\u00e9 texty p\u00ed\u0161ou. \u010clov\u011bk m\u00e1 n\u011bjak\u00fd v\u00e1\u017en\u00fd z\u00e1m\u011br, se kter\u00fdm se k n\u011bkomu docela ur\u010dit\u00e9mu chce obr\u00e1tit – k jedinci, ke skupin\u011b, mo\u017en\u00e1 i k „ve\u0159ejnosti“ (a\u010dkoliv takov\u00fd neur\u010dit\u00fd adres\u00e1t nejm\u00e9n\u011b pom\u00e1h\u00e1 v psan\u00ed a nejv\u00edce sv\u00e1d\u00ed k plk\u00e1n\u00ed).<\/p>\n
A kter\u00e9 rysy tedy re\u00e1ln\u00e1 tvorba text\u016f m\u00edt nem\u00e1? To je to j\u00e1dro pudla: Re\u00e1ln\u00e1 tvorba nap\u0159\u00edklad nem\u00edv\u00e1 za adres\u00e1ta pana u\u010ditele. Re\u00e1ln\u011b se p\u00ed\u0161e spoust\u011b mo\u017en\u00fdch adres\u00e1t\u016f, podle pisatelova z\u00e1m\u011bru a t\u00e9matu. (Ale pro pana u\u010ditele se re\u00e1ln\u011b tvo\u0159\u00ed leda d\u011bkovn\u00fd dopis za n\u011bjakou kr\u00e1snou hodinu, nebo n\u00e1vrhy, jak vylep\u0161it a usnadnit u\u010den\u00ed, nebo zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9ho \u017e\u00e1kova \u010dinu, kter\u00e9 v mluven\u00e9 form\u011b u\u010ditel nep\u0159ijal \u010di nepochopil, nebo pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed na konci studia, atp.)<\/p>\n
Hor\u0161\u00ed je, \u017ee tradi\u010dn\u011b v na\u0161\u00ed \u0161kole \u017e\u00e1k\u016fv text u u\u010ditele skon\u010d\u00ed. Nikoli p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd adres\u00e1t, ale u\u010ditel text posuzuje, a vlastn\u011b jen u\u010ditel si p\u0159e\u010dte to, kter\u00e9 sv\u00e9 my\u0161lenky a pocity nebo informace v\u011bcn\u00e9 \u017e\u00e1k vyj\u00e1d\u0159il, jak p\u016fsobil na \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e. Ale to pros\u00edm nen\u00ed rys re\u00e1ln\u00fdch text\u016f: \u017ee je \u010dte jenom n\u011bjak\u00fd u\u010ditel, a ne docela re\u00e1ln\u00fd c\u00edlov\u00fd adres\u00e1t! Kdy\u017e \u017e\u00e1k p\u00ed\u0161e na konci hodiny o koloni\u00e1ln\u00edm panov\u00e1n\u00ed Brit\u016f v Indii o tom, zda m\u00e1 „b\u00edl\u00fd mu\u017e“ pr\u00e1vo vnucovat svou kulturu „divoch\u016fm“, nem\u00e1 u\u010ditel v zad\u00e1n\u00ed k pr\u00e1ci \u017e\u00e1dat \u017e\u00e1ka, aby to prost\u011b napsal na pap\u00edr a odevzdal k ozn\u00e1mkov\u00e1n\u00ed – to je prost\u011b v tvorb\u011b text\u016f nere\u00e1ln\u00e9 (a\u010dkoliv se to tak d\u011bl\u00e1 v mnoha \u010desk\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch). Asi by to \u017e\u00e1k m\u011bl ps\u00e1t pro n\u011bkoho, koho ten probl\u00e9m, ty informace a n\u00e1zor \u017e\u00e1ka m\u016f\u017ee zaj\u00edmat: p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm by mohl b\u00fdt po\u017e\u00e1d\u00e1n, aby text napsal sv\u00fdm spolu\u017e\u00e1k\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed spolu s n\u00edm tu hodinu o Indii sd\u00edleli. (Mohl by ps\u00e1t i do Transparency International, takov\u00e1 dost pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e1 simulace situac\u00ed je ve \u0161kole \u010dasto nezbytn\u00e1 – ale m\u011bla by, jak jen mo\u017eno, b\u00fdt podep\u0159ena t\u00edm, \u017ee dopis bude opravdu odesl\u00e1n. Jinak se div\u00edme, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1ci na psan\u00ed ka\u0161lou.<\/p>\n
Re\u00e1ln\u00e1 tvorba text\u016f znamen\u00e1 pro v\u00fduku i dal\u0161\u00ed prvky:<\/p>\n
\u017d\u00e1k p\u00ed\u0161e za sebe, uplat\u0148uje svou osobu, sv\u00e9 vid\u011bn\u00ed sv\u011bta nebo sv\u00e9 city. Nikoli „spr\u00e1vnou“, u\u010debnicovou, v\u0161eplatnou my\u0161lenku, nikoli „n\u00e1le\u017eit\u00e9“ pocity. Skrze psan\u00ed se \u017e\u00e1ci mo\u017en\u00e1 k nalezen\u00ed p\u0159ijateln\u00fdch n\u00e1zor\u016f a opravdov\u00fdch, a p\u0159itom civilizovan\u00fdch pro\u017eitk\u016f vedou a dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed, ale u\u017e to, jak \u010dasto se v \u010desk\u00e9 \u0161kole zad\u00e1v\u00e1 „t\u00e9ma“ k psan\u00ed, ukazuje, jak m\u00e1lo po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1me s re\u00e1lnou tvorbou textu: vybrati si t\u00e9ma, to je sou\u010d\u00e1st re\u00e1ln\u00e9 tvorby textu, to mus\u00edme um\u011bt, pokud jsme vy\u0161li ze \u0161koly pon\u011bkud vzd\u011blan\u00ed. Drsn\u00fd patn\u00e1ctilet\u00fd trumpeta se mo\u017en\u00e1 rozhodne, \u017ee bude ps\u00e1t o t\u00e9matech, jako je jeho obl\u00edben\u00e1 kapela bouch\u016f a b\u00e1c\u016f nebo rychl\u00e1 a nebezpe\u010dn\u00e1 j\u00edzda – a teprve na sv\u00e9m t\u00e9matu se m\u016f\u017ee u\u010dit, jak ps\u00e1t \u010diteln\u011b, p\u016fsobiv\u011b, a taky uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u011b nebo aspo\u0148 trochu spole\u010densky \u00fanosn\u011b. S ni\u017e\u0161\u00edmi, praktick\u00fdmi \u017e\u00e1nry p\u00edsemn\u00fdch sd\u011blen\u00ed se jist\u00e1 t\u00e9mata taky sama vnucuj\u00ed: blahop\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed, \u017e\u00e1dost, st\u00ed\u017enost, v\u00fdzva aj. Ale samostatn\u00e9mu pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jazyka se na nich \u017e\u00e1k nenau\u010d\u00ed – k otmu je t\u0159eba, aby psal texty s voln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed formou, ale s v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm osobn\u00edm nasazen\u00edm a zodpov\u011bdnost\u00ed za d\u016fsledky. (Nikoli se zodpov\u011bdnost\u00ed za \u010dty\u0159ku, kterou dostane za chyby v pravopise, ale se zodpov\u011bdnost\u00ed za to, \u017ee jeho my\u0161lenky budou odmr\u0161t\u011bny kv\u016fli prasopisu nebo pravopisu, kv\u016fli neujasn\u011bnosti nebo ur\u00e1\u017elivosti atd.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
V diskus\u00edch kolem st\u00e1tn\u00ed maturity \u2013 zejm\u00e9na nad p\u00edsemkami \u2013 se hezky ukazuje, jak moc je pot\u0159eba spole\u010dn\u011b si ujas\u0148ovat, jak kdo ch\u00e1pe kter\u00fd v\u00fdraz. Onehdy se na Eduin.cz objevila diskuse \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016f o tom, co by to m\u011bla b\u00fdt re\u00e1ln\u00e1 tvorba text\u016f, nebo tvorba re\u00e1ln\u00fdch text\u016f. A taky bychom mohli \u0159\u00edct re\u00e1ln\u00e1 tvorba re\u00e1ln\u00fdch text\u016f… […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":73,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-269","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezarazene"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/269","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/73"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=269"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/269\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":273,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/269\/revisions\/273"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=269"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=269"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=269"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}