Jak se z mal\u00fdch roztomil\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed stanou protivn\u00ed \u0161kol\u00e1ci? V\u00edd\u00e1m \u010dasto \u017e\u00e1\u010dky v prim\u00e1rn\u00ed \u0161kole, jak pracuj\u00ed v hodin\u00e1ch \u010de\u0161tiny – hlavn\u011b v liter\u00e1rn\u00ed v\u00fdchov\u011b. Jako pozorovatel (vod\u00edm tam na praxi sv\u00e9 studentky u\u010ditelstv\u00ed) m\u00e1m v\u00fdhodu, \u017ee m\u00e1m dost \u010dasu pozorovat i pr\u00e1ci d\u011bt\u00ed. Vyu\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed mus\u00ed myslit na spoustu dal\u0161\u00edch v\u011bc\u00ed (kter\u00e9 nevid\u00edm j\u00e1), a tak mu leccos z toho, co j\u00e1 vid\u00edm, snadno unikne. N\u011bkde v\u00edd\u00e1m ve t\u0159et\u00ed a je\u0161t\u011b \u010dtvrt\u00e9 t\u0159\u00edd\u011b d\u011bti jako hrav\u00e9 naivn\u00ed medv\u00eddky, a n\u011bkde vid\u00edm stejn\u011b star\u00e9 d\u011bti jako badatele, pokusn\u00edky a tv\u016frce. V liter\u00e1rn\u00ed v\u00fdchov\u011b pros\u00edm. Ale v\u011bt\u0161inou nevid\u00edm na prvn\u00edm stupni \u0161koly d\u011bti protivn\u00e9, rozj\u00edven\u00e9 ani l\u00edn\u00e9. Kde se tedy berou, kdy\u017e na prax\u00edch ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch ro\u010dn\u00edc\u00edch od 6. t\u0159\u00eddy v\u00fd\u0161e v\u00edd\u00e1m tolik nechuti i odporu?<\/p>\n
Po\u0159\u00e1d m\u011b to dr\u00e1\u017ed\u00ed. Mo\u017en\u00e1 je to prost\u011b jejich puberta, nebo je kaz\u00ed rodi\u010de a parta. Ale st\u00e1tem placen\u00e1 a povinn\u00e1 \u0161kola by se nem\u011bla pod\u00edlet na tom odklonu od chuti dozv\u00eddat se a spole\u010dn\u011b se vyv\u00edjet k lep\u0161\u00edmu. Mo\u017en\u00e1 se u\u017e opakuju, ale opakuj\u00ed se i m\u00e1 setk\u00e1n\u00ed s umrtvuj\u00edc\u00ed rutinou v\u00fduky, s umrtvuj\u00edc\u00edm \u0161katulkovac\u00edm pojet\u00edm u\u010diva a c\u00edl\u016f. Mnoz\u00ed u\u010ditel\u00e9 jako by o tom nev\u011bd\u011bli.<\/p>\n
Ob\u00e1v\u00e1m se, \u017ee n\u00e1s \u010dekaj\u00ed dost velk\u00e9 eduka\u010dn\u00ed pohromy: jestli se napln\u00ed zl\u00e9 v\u011b\u0161tby, vtrhnou do \u0161kol testy na zm\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vzd\u011blanosti d\u011bt\u00ed v 5. a 6. ro\u010dn\u00edku Z\u0160. A jejich pojet\u00ed a proveden\u00ed bude t\u00edm hor\u0161\u00ed a pro u\u010den\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed \u0161kodliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm v\u00edce u\u010ditel\u016f strp\u00ed takovou v\u00fduku a u\u010debnice, kter\u00e9 podobn\u011b jako chab\u011b promy\u0161len\u00e9 masov\u00e9 testy vyu\u010duj\u00ed a procvi\u010duj\u00ed jen informace izolovan\u00e9 od souvislost\u00ed<\/strong>. A t\u00edm v\u00edce bude takov\u00fdch u\u010ditel\u016f, takov\u00fdch u\u010debnic, osnova a pak tedy i test\u016f, \u010d\u00edm v\u00edce bude rodi\u010d\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee \u0161kolstv\u00ed u n\u00e1s je v po\u0159\u00e1dku a na tradi\u010dn\u011b vysok\u00e9 \u00farovni. Ti rodi\u010de si nezvol\u00ed vl\u00e1du, kter\u00e1 p\u0159id\u00e1 u\u010ditel\u016fm a \u0161kol\u00e1m.<\/p>\n M\u011bli bychom hodn\u011b jasn\u011b d\u00e1vat najevo, \u017ee nepova\u017eujeme za informaci o \u017e\u00e1kovi to, jak um\u00ed u vytr\u017een\u00fdch, izolovan\u00fdch slov a v\u011bt plnit s ni\u010d\u00edm nesouvisej\u00edc\u00ed po\u017eadavky typu \u201eur\u010dete rod a p\u00e1d\u201c, \u201epodtrhn\u011bte p\u0159\u00edsudky\u201c. Testy, kter\u00e9 n\u011bjak\u00e1 mazan\u00e1 instituce nachyst\u00e1 pro zm\u011b\u0159en\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed a pro politick\u00e9 handrkov\u00e1n\u00ed o statistick\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla, budou nejsp\u00ed\u0161e m\u00edt pr\u00e1v\u011b tu podobu uboh\u00fdch u\u010debnicov\u00fdch cv\u00ed\u010dek. Da\u0148ov\u00fdm poplatn\u00edk\u016fm m\u00e1 b\u00fdt hned jasn\u00e9, \u017ee tohle si od st\u00e1tu koupit necht\u011bj\u00ed.<\/p>\n Prohl\u00e9dl jsem si v posledn\u00ed dob\u011b pracovn\u00ed listy, kter\u00e9 se tady na rvp.cz daj\u00ed st\u00e1hnout v DUMech. \u010ce\u0161tin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch je tu mali\u010dko, a ani se nediv\u00edm \u2013 pravopis a gramatika moc neinspiruj\u00ed. A k publikov\u00e1n\u00ed liter\u00e1rn\u00ed hodiny nesta\u010d\u00ed jen \u201emateri\u00e1l\u201c. Napadlo m\u011b, \u017ee bych m\u011bl oslovit autory t\u011bch materi\u00e1l\u016f \u2013 mohli by zkusit ned\u00e1vat d\u011btem izolovan\u00e1 slova k ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed a izolovan\u00e9 v\u011bty k rozboru? A hned jsem jim tam i nab\u00eddl p\u0159epracovanou verzi \u2013 souvisl\u00fd text, ve kter\u00e9m m\u016f\u017eou s d\u011btmi leccos identifikovat a ur\u010dit. (Moc chytr\u00fd text to jist\u011b nen\u00ed, proto\u017ee vznikl z izolovan\u00fdch v\u011bt \u2013 ale v kn\u00ed\u017ek\u00e1ch s d\u011btskou \u010detbou se najde dost lep\u0161\u00edch.) Dal jsem to do koment\u00e1\u0159e ke str\u00e1nce http:\/\/dum.rvp.cz\/materialy\/vetne-cleny.html#material_comments<\/p>\n O vadnosti primitivizuj\u00edc\u00edch test\u016f p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010d\u00edme rodi\u010de d\u011bt\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee takov\u00e9 \u00fakoly nebudeme d\u00e1vat sv\u00fdm \u017e\u00e1k\u016fm ani v n\u00e1cviku \u2013 vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed nen\u00ed n\u00e1cvik na spartaki\u00e1dn\u00ed vystoupen\u00ed na Strahov\u011b. Rodi\u010de by m\u011bli vid\u011bt, \u017ee jejich d\u00edt\u011b pracuje na ucelen\u00e9m textu<\/strong>, na n\u011bjak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edhod\u011b nebo situaci, a \u017ee ho vedeme, aby se j\u00ed sna\u017eilo dob\u0159e porozum\u011bt <\/strong>\u2013 a proto \u017ee m\u00e1 ve v\u011bt\u00e1ch vyhledat podm\u011bty. U\u010ditel by m\u011bl nau\u010dit rodi\u010de \u017e\u00e1k\u016f, aby ocenili to, jak jejich d\u00edt\u011b pozn\u00e1, kdo v\u0161ecko v p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu vystupuje, komu se ve vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 r\u016fzn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem, t\u0159eba\u017ee jde o tou\u017e osobu, a \u017ee pozn\u00e1 tak\u00e9, kdo ke komu pat\u0159\u00ed. A proto je dobr\u00e9 um\u011bt v ka\u017ed\u00e9 v\u011bt\u011b naj\u00edt podm\u011bt<\/strong>! Podm\u011btem b\u00fdv\u00e1 ten, kdo n\u011bco d\u011bl\u00e1. Ov\u0161em \u010de\u0161tina je mocn\u00e1, \u010dinitel b\u00fdv\u00e1 d\u00edky slovesn\u00fdm tvar\u016fm pasiva schov\u00e1n stranou, (jako v t\u00e9to v\u011bt\u011b jsem odstr\u010dil \u201eslovesn\u00e9 tvary\u201c, a\u010dkoliv pr\u00e1v\u011b ony schov\u00e1vaj\u00ed pachatele). Ale n\u00e1\u0161 \u017e\u00e1k se t\u00edm zm\u00e1st nenech\u00e1 \u2013 na ucelen\u00fdch a smyslupln\u00fdch textech se pr\u00e1v\u011b proto u\u010dil o slovesn\u00e9m rodu, aby v nich pachatele \u010dinu v\u017edy spolehliv\u011b odhalil. Cv\u00ed\u010dka s jednotliv\u00fdmi v\u011btami, kter\u00e9 se nespojuj\u00ed do vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed nebo t\u0159eba do popisu, taky nau\u010d\u00ed \u017e\u00e1ka naj\u00edt podm\u011bt \u2013 ov\u0161em maxim\u00e1ln\u011b do okam\u017eiku vysv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed. Pak to zapomene a nikdy v\u00edce nepou\u017eije \u2013 pamatujete?<\/p>\n V \u010de\u0161tin\u011b\u00a0 m\u016f\u017eou b\u00fdt takto izolovan\u011b probr\u00e1ny znaky poh\u00e1dek stejn\u011b jako ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed gramatick\u00fdch kategori\u00ed. I sebehrav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed forma v\u00fduky, pokud jej\u00edm c\u00edlem z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 jen „probrat poh\u00e1dku“ nebo „probrat mluvnick\u00e9 kategorie sloves“, zanech\u00e1v\u00e1 v d\u00edt\u011bti ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed stopu: ot\u0159es d\u016fv\u011bry v u\u017eite\u010dnost \u0161koly.<\/p>\n P\u0159\u00edklad: u\u010ditel m\u00e1 vyu\u010dovat o poh\u00e1dk\u00e1ch.<\/strong> D\u011bti je \u010dtou, je\u0161t\u011b \u010dtvr\u0165\u00e1ci je miluj\u00ed, leckter\u00fd p\u00e1\u0165\u00e1k to je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159izn\u00e1. My, co jsme z nich u\u017e vyrostli a \u010dteme i noviny, na n\u011b r\u00e1di vzpom\u00edn\u00e1me. Ale nevzpom\u00edn\u00e1me na „znaky poh\u00e1dky“: na kouzeln\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty, na \u010dasovou neur\u010denost, na magick\u00e1 opakov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010dt\u016f a \u00fakon\u016f, na nadp\u0159irozen\u00e9 bytosti a s\u00edly. Vzpom\u00edn\u00e1me na cel\u00fd z\u00e1\u017eitek, mo\u017en\u00e1 na obl\u00edben\u00e9 triky \u010di postavy, ale ne na „znaky“. Ne\u0159\u00edk\u00e1me „J\u00e1 tak miloval to troj\u00ed opakov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9ho \u00fakolu!“, ani „Moc jsem si u\u017e\u00edvala toho bez\u010das\u00ed, jak nikdo nev\u011bd\u011bl, kdy a kde se to stalo!“<\/p>\n C\u00edle a u\u010divo z oboru „poh\u00e1dky“\u00a0 se ve \u0161kole \u010dasto nane\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed svezou pr\u00e1v\u011b do \u0161uplete „\u017e\u00e1nr a znaky poh\u00e1dky“. A do toho \u0161uplete se d\u011bti maj\u00ed nau\u010dit nastrkat to, co \u010dtou \u2013 kdy\u017e na tom najdou ty znaky. Jenom\u017ee tak to v \u017eiv\u00e9 literatu\u0159e nen\u00ed! (Mo\u017en\u00e1 v t\u00e9 mrtv\u00e9 – klasick\u00e9, a je dob\u0159e o n\u00ed v\u011bd\u011bt: tak jako klasick\u00e1 hudba m\u00e1 typickou podobu, tak i \u010desk\u00e1 erbenovsk\u00e1 poh\u00e1dka je hotov\u00fd trvanliv\u00fd form\u00e1t. Jen\u017ee d\u011bti \u010dtou i \u017eiv\u00e1 d\u00edla, a jejich \u017eivost spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b v tom, \u017ee se h\u00fdbaj\u00ed – poru\u0161uj\u00ed ty znaky a pravidla.)<\/p>\n D\u011bti by se m\u011bly ve \u0161kole nau\u010dit identifikovat, \u017ee v kn\u00ed\u017ece jsou jist\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed prost\u0159edky a postupy, jako kouzeln\u00fd pytl\u00ed\u010dek nebo sk\u0159\u00edtek nebo l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00ed o\u0159 a jako hrdinn\u00e9 sebeob\u011btov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo zaklet\u00fd z\u00e1mek. Ale nikdo by se nem\u011bl odv\u00e1\u017eit po nich cht\u00edt, aby od\u0159\u00edkaly \u201ekter\u00e9 jsou znaky poh\u00e1dky\u201c, nebo \u201e\u010d\u00edm se li\u0161\u00ed b\u00e1je od poh\u00e1dky\u201c. Za dobr\u00fd \u010dten\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd v\u00fdkon by naopak bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 pova\u017eovat to, jak nad roze\u010dten\u00fdm textem p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu od Roalda Dahla nebo Karla \u010capka uva\u017euj\u00ed, co v tom je poh\u00e1dkov\u00e9 a co skute\u010dn\u00e9, a co je\u0161t\u011b jen pov\u00eddkov\u00e9, a co t\u0159eba b\u00e1sniv\u00e9. Definovat \u017e\u00e1nr nepot\u0159ebuj\u00ed, sta\u010d\u00ed, kdy\u017e maj\u00ed pov\u011bdom\u00ed, \u017ee v t\u011bch \u201ed\u011btsk\u00fdch poh\u00e1dk\u00e1ch\u201c, co \u010detli jako mal\u00ed, bylo n\u011bjak moc t\u011bch z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00fdch jev\u016f, a \u017ee n\u011bjak n\u00e1padn\u011b m\u00ed\u0159ily k mravn\u00edmu nau\u010den\u00ed typu \u201ezlo potrest\u00e1no\u201c. A taky by se m\u011bly nau\u010dit, \u017ee dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u011bs\u00ed dobr\u00e9ho liter\u00e1rn\u00edho vypravov\u00e1n\u00ed je t\u0159ebas p\u0159ekvapiv\u00fd za\u010d\u00e1tek, nebo vyprav\u011b\u010dovy \u0161\u0165ouchance do \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e. Ale vymezovat t\u0159ebas to, kdy je text pov\u00eddkou a kdy novelou, na tom bych \u010das ml\u00e1d\u00ed neutr\u00e1cel. Sta\u010dilo by ho v\u011bnovat skute\u010dn\u00e9 \u010detb\u011b t\u011bch text\u016f a vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9mu popov\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed o sv\u00e9m z\u00e1\u017eitku a o sv\u00e9m p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161len\u00ed o nich.<\/p>\n Kdy\u017e \u0161kola ned\u00e1v\u00e1 \u010das na tohle souvisl\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed, na pr\u00e1ci v smyslupln\u00fdch souvislostech, nem\u016f\u017ee se nikdo divit, \u017ee to v d\u011btech vybuduje \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd odpor k u\u010den\u00ed, opovrhov\u00e1n\u00ed u\u010diteli a vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00edm. (Titul na pap\u00ed\u0159e, to ov\u0161em je n\u011bco lep\u0161\u00edho, je\u0161t\u011b \u017ee se to d\u00e1 koupit.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Jak se z mal\u00fdch roztomil\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed stanou protivn\u00ed \u0161kol\u00e1ci? V\u00edd\u00e1m \u010dasto \u017e\u00e1\u010dky v prim\u00e1rn\u00ed \u0161kole, jak pracuj\u00ed v hodin\u00e1ch \u010de\u0161tiny – hlavn\u011b v liter\u00e1rn\u00ed v\u00fdchov\u011b. Jako pozorovatel (vod\u00edm tam na praxi sv\u00e9 studentky u\u010ditelstv\u00ed) m\u00e1m v\u00fdhodu, \u017ee m\u00e1m dost \u010dasu pozorovat i pr\u00e1ci d\u011bt\u00ed. Vyu\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed mus\u00ed myslit na spoustu dal\u0161\u00edch v\u011bc\u00ed (kter\u00e9 nevid\u00edm j\u00e1), a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":73,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-159","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezarazene"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/159","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/73"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=159"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/159\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":163,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/159\/revisions\/163"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=159"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=159"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/ireneus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=159"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}