{"id":1757,"date":"2024-05-30T07:48:35","date_gmt":"2024-05-30T05:48:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/educator\/?p=1757"},"modified":"2024-06-15T23:08:56","modified_gmt":"2024-06-15T21:08:56","slug":"analyza-navrhu-velke-revize-rvp-zv-vo-geografie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/educator\/2024\/05\/30\/analyza-navrhu-velke-revize-rvp-zv-vo-geografie\/","title":{"rendered":"Anal\u00fdza N\u00e1vrhu Velk\u00e9 revize RVP ZV, VO Geografie"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"604\" height=\"290\" src=\"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/educator\/files\/2024\/05\/Revize_1.jpg\" alt=\"Velk\u00e1 revize RVPH ZV, VO Geografie\" class=\"wp-image-1777\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/educator\/files\/2024\/05\/Revize_1.jpg 604w, https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/educator\/files\/2024\/05\/Revize_1-300x144.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Z&nbsp;\u00favodn\u00edho p\u0159edstaven\u00ed ke vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed oblasti \/ vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edmu oboru Geografie, kter\u00e9 se konalo 10.5. 2024 (dostupn\u00e9<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4G86YkcRdU0&amp;t=914s\"> ZDE<\/a>), vyplynulo geografick\u00e9 pozn\u00e1n\u00ed, tedy oborov\u00e9 kompetence, mo\u017en\u00e1 i l\u00e9pe \u0159e\u010deno kompetentnost (vysv\u011btlen\u00ed viz d\u00e1le v&nbsp;textu) jedince (\u017e\u00e1ka) &nbsp;v&nbsp;geografii, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00fd \u017e\u00e1k vykazovat na konci 9. ro\u010dn\u00edku:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><\/p><cite>\u2022 \u0159e\u0161it ka\u017edodenn\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00ed situace s vyu\u017eit\u00edm rozvinut\u00e9ho kritick\u00e9ho geografick\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed a pozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed reality<br>\u2022 vyu\u017e\u00edt nabyt\u00e9 geografick\u00e9 pozn\u00e1n\u00ed v \u017e\u00e1kov\u011b budouc\u00edm studiu a profesn\u00edm uplatn\u011bn\u00ed<br>\u2022<strong> \u010delit komplexn\u00edm v\u00fdzv\u00e1m budoucnosti <\/strong>v podob\u011b p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch rizik a hrozeb, nov\u00fdch technologi\u00ed \u010di obav z nedostatku pracovn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f, \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed nemoc\u00ed, z nar\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u00ed nerovnosti, v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch konflikt\u016f, udr\u017eitelnosti \u017eivota aj.<br>\u2022 <strong>formovat \u017e\u00e1kovu region\u00e1ln\u00ed identitu<\/strong>, a tak posilovat v\u011bdom\u00ed pot\u0159eby udr\u017eiteln\u00e9ho a zodpov\u011bdn\u00e9ho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed v prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kde p\u016fsob\u00ed<br>\u2022 z<strong>vy\u0161ovat \u017e\u00e1kovo kulturn\u00ed pov\u011bdom\u00ed<\/strong>, a pom\u00e1hat mu tak l\u00e9pe porozum\u011bt odli\u0161n\u00fdm kultur\u00e1m a hodnot\u00e1m v r\u016fzn\u00fdch m\u00edstech a regionech sv\u011bta<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pozn\u00e1mka: tento text navazuje na p\u0159edchoz\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek, kter\u00fd se v\u011bnuje anal\u00fdze N\u00e1vrhu Velk\u00e9 revize RVP ZV v obecn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti. Dostupn\u00e9: <a href=\"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/educator\/2024\/05\/30\/analyza-navrhu-revize-rvp-zv-obecna-cast\/\">ZDE<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Obsah<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>\u00davod<\/li><li>VO Geografie &#8211; Geografie<\/li><li>O\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky u\u010den\u00ed (OVU) ve VO Geografie &#8211; Geografie<\/li><li>Shrnut\u00ed VO Geografie &#8211; Geografie<\/li><li>Pou\u017eit\u00e1 literatura<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00davod<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V&nbsp;N\u00e1vrhu Velk\u00e9 revize RVP ZV je deset vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edch oblast\u00ed. Vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed obory (p\u0159edm\u011bty na 2. stupni Z\u0160) jsou uvedeny za poml\u010dkou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\"><li><em>Jazyk a&nbsp;jazykov\u00e1 komunikace \u2013&nbsp;\u010cesk\u00fd jazyk a&nbsp;literatura, Ciz\u00ed jazyk, Dal\u0161\u00ed ciz\u00ed jazyk<\/em><\/li><li><em>Matematika a&nbsp;jej\u00ed aplikace \u2013&nbsp;Matematika<\/em><\/li><li><em>Informatika \u2013&nbsp;Informatika&nbsp;<\/em><\/li><li><em>\u010clov\u011bk a&nbsp;jeho sv\u011bt \u2013&nbsp;\u010clov\u011bk a&nbsp;jeho sv\u011bt<\/em><\/li><li><em>\u010clov\u011bk a&nbsp;spole\u010dnost \u2013&nbsp;D\u011bjepis, V\u00fdchova k&nbsp;ob\u010danstv\u00ed<\/em><\/li><li><strong><em>Geografie&nbsp;&#8211;&nbsp;Geografie<\/em><\/strong><\/li><li><em>\u010clov\u011bk a&nbsp;p\u0159\u00edroda \u2013&nbsp;Fyzika, Chemie, P\u0159\u00edrodopis<\/em><\/li><li><em>Um\u011bn\u00ed a&nbsp;kultura \u2013&nbsp;Hudebn\u00ed, tane\u010dn\u00ed a&nbsp;dramatick\u00e1 v\u00fdchova, V\u00fdtvarn\u00e1 a&nbsp;filmov\u00e1 v\u00fdchova&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/em><\/li><li><em>\u010clov\u011bk, zdrav\u00ed a&nbsp;bezpe\u010d\u00ed \u2013&nbsp;V\u00fdchova ke&nbsp;zdrav\u00ed a&nbsp;bezpe\u010d\u00ed, T\u011blesn\u00e1 v\u00fdchova<\/em><\/li><li><em>\u010clov\u011bk, jeho osobnost a&nbsp;sv\u011bt pr\u00e1ce \u2013&nbsp;Osobnostn\u00ed a&nbsp;soci\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdchova, Polytechnick\u00e1 v\u00fdchova&nbsp;a praktick\u00e9 \u010dinnosti<\/em><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V N\u00e1vrhu Velk\u00e9 revize RVP ZV se poda\u0159ilo vy\u0159e\u0161it koncep\u010dn\u00ed i obsahovou neukotvenost <strong>Geografie<\/strong> ve st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edm RVP ZV, kdy geografie byla p\u0159i\u0159azena ke vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed oblasti <strong>\u010clov\u011bk a p\u0159\u00edroda<\/strong>, a z\u00e1rove\u0148 se i deklarovala \u201esocioekonomick\u00e1\u201c geografick\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st ve vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed oblasti <strong>\u010clov\u011bk a spole\u010dnost<\/strong>. Vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed oblast navazovala a nad\u00e1le navazuje na koncep\u010dn\u011b \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed oblast a vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed obor z&nbsp;1. stupn\u011b <strong>\u010clov\u011bk a jeho sv\u011bt.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Za\u010d\u00e1tkem kv\u011btna (p\u0159esn\u011bji 10.5.2024, dostupn\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4G86YkcRdU0\">ZDE<\/a>) prob\u011bhla diskuse ke vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed oblasti \/ vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edmu oboru Geografie. Jedna z&nbsp;p\u0159ipom\u00ednek, kter\u00e1 vych\u00e1zela od ne-geografick\u00fdch vzd\u011blavatel\u016f, byla, \u017ee je v&nbsp;N\u00e1vrhu p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edch oblast\u00ed, kter\u00e9 obsah revidovan\u00e9ho RVP ZV p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 rozm\u011bl\u0148uj\u00ed. Kritika, op\u011bt od odborn\u00edk\u016f mimo geografick\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, tak\u00e9 sm\u011b\u0159ovala k&nbsp;p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 voln\u011b koncipovan\u00e9mu (\u0161ir\u0161\u00edmu, mo\u017en\u00e1 m\u00edn\u011bno i komplexn\u00edmu) obsahu Geografie. Nutno dodat, \u017ee tyto p\u0159ipom\u00ednky odborn\u00edk\u016f mimo geografick\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed nebyly podpo\u0159eny argumenty, nato\u017e alespo\u0148 r\u00e1mcovou anal\u00fdzou. P\u0159ipom\u00ednky typu: \u201e<em>V\u016fbec tomu nerozum\u00edm<\/em>\u201c nebo \u201e<em>Rodi\u010de tomu nebudou rozum\u011bt<\/em>\u201c nebo \u201e<em>Geografie je jedin\u00e1, kde v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b textu nerozum\u00edm. RVP by m\u011blo b\u00fdt ps\u00e1no tak, aby ho pochopil norm\u00e1ln\u00ed u\u010ditel. P\u0159ipad\u00e1 mi to trochu jako exhibice<\/em>\u201c nejsou jako argumenty relevantn\u00ed a jde o velmi subjektivn\u00ed n\u00e1zor \/ soud, podle hesla \u201ePodle sebe, soud\u00edm tebe\u201c. &nbsp;Pokud by tyto argumenty m\u011bly b\u00fdt relevantn\u00ed, pak bychom se dostali do historick\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed, kdy \u017e\u00e1ky ve \u0161kole vzd\u011bl\u00e1val \u201evyslou\u017eil\u00fd voj\u00e1k po sedmilet\u00e9 slu\u017eb\u011b\u201c nebo \u201ezcestoval\u00fd kraj\u00e1nek\u201c. Tedy takov\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk, kter\u00fd v&nbsp;t\u00e9 dob\u011b zvl\u00e1dal trivium (\u010d\u00edst \u2013 ps\u00e1t \u2013 po\u010d\u00edtat), vyu\u017e\u00edval sv\u00e9 osobn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti \u201ez cest\u201c a nedovedl se u\u017eivit jinak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V&nbsp;cel\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9 diskusi byl zmi\u0148ovan\u00fd pouze jeden odborn\u00fd zdroj, a to Bloomova taxonomie vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f. Nebylo p\u0159itom jasn\u00e9, zda diskutuj\u00edc\u00ed mysl\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00ed zdroj z&nbsp;roku 1956 (Bloom, 1956) nebo Revidovanou Bloomovu taxonomii (d\u00e1le RBT) vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f z&nbsp;roku 2001 (Anderson &amp; Krathwohl, 2001). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">P\u0159edstaven\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed oblasti \/ vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edho oboru Geografie bylo prezentov\u00e1no ve t\u0159ech bodech:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\"><li><em>Nov\u00e1 koncepce \u0161koln\u00ed Geografie<\/em><\/li><li><em>Tematick\u00e9 celky Geografie<\/em><\/li><li><em>Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zm\u011bny a jejich p\u0159\u00edklady oproti sou\u010dasn\u00e9mu RVP ZV<\/em><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V&nbsp;n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti se pokus\u00edm m\u00edsto \u201eizolovan\u00fdch kritick\u00fdch v\u00fdk\u0159ik\u016f\u201c prov\u00e9st alespo\u0148 prvotn\u00ed anal\u00fdzu, kter\u00e1 by mohla jednak vysv\u011btlit navrhovanou (i jinou mo\u017enou)  koncepci Geografie, jednak by mohla zam\u011b\u0159it pozornost na m\u00edsta v&nbsp;N\u00e1vrhu, kter\u00fdm je pot\u0159eba v\u011bnovat zv\u00fd\u0161enou pozornost, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b je upravit. V&nbsp;tomto sm\u011bru mn\u011b nap\u0159\u00edklad chyb\u00ed zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00ed <strong>oponentsk\u00e9ho posudku<\/strong> k&nbsp;t\u00e9to vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed oblasti \/ vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edho oboru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">VO Geografie&nbsp;\u2013&nbsp;Geografie<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">VO Geografie v&nbsp;N\u00e1vrhu Velk\u00e9 revize RVP ZV je o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00fdmi v\u00fdstupy u\u010den\u00ed (OVU) \u010dlen\u011bna do \u010dty\u0159 tematick\u00fdch celk\u016f. N\u00ed\u017ee uveden\u00e9 tematick\u00e9 celky nenavazuj\u00ed na Certifikovanou metodiku, kter\u00e1 vy\u0161la v&nbsp;roce 2017 (Marada, a dal\u0161\u00ed, 2017) a kter\u00e1 m\u011bla b\u00fdt koncipovan\u00e1 jako budouc\u00ed model pro zm\u011bny v&nbsp;geografick\u00e9m vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Jak jsem uv\u00e1d\u011bl ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve, Certifikovan\u00e1 metodika z\u016fstala nedokon\u010den\u00e1 (v\u00edce V\u00e1vra, Modr\u00e1 je dobr\u00e1? Recenze Koncepce geografick\u00e9ho vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Certifikovan\u00e1 metodika, 2019, dostupn\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/educator\/2019\/02\/15\/modra-je-dobra-recenze-koncepce-geografickeho-vzdelavani-certifikovana-metodika\/\">ZDE<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zm\u011bny v&nbsp;N\u00e1vrhu, kter\u00e9 se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed Geografie, jsou n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed (v\u00edce <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4G86YkcRdU0\">ZDE<\/a>):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Integrace fyzick\u00e9 a hum\u00e1nn\u00ed geografie<\/li><li>Nov\u00e1 region\u00e1ln\u00ed geografie<\/li><li>Rozvoj digit\u00e1ln\u00edch (geo)kompetenc\u00ed<\/li><li>T\u00e9ma udr\u017eitelnosti \u017eivota<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U\u010ditele z&nbsp;praxe bude asi nejv\u00edce zaj\u00edmat \u201enov\u00e1 region\u00e1ln\u00ed geografie\u201c. Jak vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z&nbsp;diskuse kolem kulat\u00e9ho stolu, je mo\u017en\u00e9 ji u\u010dit i <strong>st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edm tradi\u010dn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem<\/strong>. Jedin\u00e9, co mus\u00ed u\u010ditel ud\u011blat, je d\u00e1t obsah &#8222;tradi\u010dn\u00ed&#8220; v\u00fduky do souladu s&nbsp;OVU. Nen\u00ed to nic nov\u00e9ho, u\u010ditel\u00e9 tento postup volili i ve st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edm RVP ZV, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 po\u010d\u00e1tek v&nbsp;roce 2007, mo\u017en\u00e1 i z&nbsp;80. let 20. stolet\u00ed. Dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017en\u00fd postup je <strong>vyj\u00edt z&nbsp;obecn\u00fdch t\u00e9mat, generalizac\u00ed<\/strong>, teori\u00ed, princip\u016f a dal. (v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b sp\u00ed\u0161 koncept <em>powerful knowledge<\/em> (Young, 2015)&nbsp;(Lambert, 2015)&nbsp;(Maude, 2018)), kter\u00e9 bude u\u010ditel ilustrovat na vhodn\u011b vybran\u00fdch regionech, oblastech sv\u011bta anebo \u010ceska. Tyto <strong>obecnosti, kter\u00e9 p\u0159esahuj\u00ed ka\u017edodennost a osobn\u00ed zku\u0161enost<\/strong>, jsou obsa\u017eeny pr\u00e1v\u011b v&nbsp;\u0161\u00ed\u0159eji pojat\u00fdch OVU. T\u0159et\u00ed mo\u017enost, pokud jde o region\u00e1ln\u00ed geografii, vych\u00e1z\u00ed z&nbsp;anglick\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu, kdy na <strong>zvolen\u00e9m vysp\u011bl\u00e9m st\u00e1t\u011b a zvolen\u00e9m m\u00e9n\u011b vysp\u011bl\u00e9m st\u00e1t\u011b<\/strong> se prezentuj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 kompetence a od \u017e\u00e1ka se o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd vzd\u011bl\u00e1van\u00fd jedinec bude kompetentn\u00ed tyto znalosti, dovednosti, ale i hodnoty a postoje analogicky pou\u017e\u00edvat v&nbsp;jin\u00fdch regionech sv\u011bta (jde o kompetentnost jedince). \u010cesk\u00fd u\u010ditel m\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 tyto p\u0159\u00edstupy kombinovat, m\u00e1 v&nbsp;tomto ohledu volnost, kter\u00e1 je limitovan\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b OVU. Tento p\u0159\u00edstup dob\u0159e charakterizuje pojem \u201er\u00e1mcov\u00fd\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pokud jde o <strong>ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed \/ hodnocen\u00ed<\/strong> \u010c\u0160I, bude nutn\u00e9 n\u00e1sledn\u011b pro implementov\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto nov\u00e9ho kurikula specifikovat a p\u0159esn\u011bji vyj\u00e1d\u0159it OVU v&nbsp;podob\u011b \u201estandardizovan\u00e9ho c\u00edle\u201c. Toto zat\u00edm nen\u00ed v\u016fbec v&nbsp;N\u00e1vrhu Velk\u00e9 revize RVP ZV \u0159e\u0161eno.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9 v\u00fdstupy u\u010den\u00ed (OVU) vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edho oboru Geografie jsou seskupen\u00e9 do&nbsp;\u010dty\u0159 tematick\u00fdch celk\u016f<em>:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\"><li><em>Geografie a&nbsp;jej\u00ed metody pozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed<\/em><\/li><li><em>P\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed a&nbsp;socioekonomick\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed a&nbsp;jejich vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 interakce<\/em><\/li><li><em>M\u00edsta a&nbsp;regiony sv\u011bta<\/em><\/li><li><em>Udr\u017eitelnost \u017eivota na&nbsp;Zemi<\/em><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vhodn\u00e9 by bylo pro geografickou polohu vy\u010dlenit samostatn\u00fd tematick\u00fd celek, kter\u00fd by zahrnoval o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky v&nbsp;t\u00e9matu <strong>\u201egeografick\u00e1 poloha\u201c<\/strong>, nap\u0159\u00edklad dosud vyu\u010dovan\u00e9 <strong>absolutn\u00ed <\/strong>a <strong>relativn\u00ed <\/strong>geografick\u00e9 polohy plus p\u0159ipojit (v\u00edce zd\u016fraznit) <strong>kognitivn\u00ed<\/strong> (n\u011bkdy ozna\u010dovanou tak\u00e9 rela\u010dn\u00ed \u2013 v\u016f\u010di pozici jedince v&nbsp;prostoru \u2013 a to jak re\u00e1lnou tak i ment\u00e1ln\u00ed \/ kognitivn\u00ed) geografickou polohu. Holt-Jensen (1999) k&nbsp;t\u00e9to kvalit\u011b individu\u00e1ln\u00ed reflexe prostoru \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt rozsah m\u00edstnosti, rohu ulice a\u017e po teritorium, kter\u00e9 pat\u0159\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00edmu st\u00e1tu. Pro neobezn\u00e1men\u00e9ho s&nbsp;touto problematikou je mo\u017en\u00e9 ji p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eit vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00edm: \u201eTady jsem doma!\u201c. M\u016f\u017eeme ji tak\u00e9 ch\u00e1pat jako ment\u00e1ln\u00ed (nikoli my\u0161lenkovou) mapu jedince, kter\u00fd je schopen nakreslit mapu prostoru, kter\u00fd dob\u0159e (nap\u0159. z ka\u017edodennost) zn\u00e1. M\u016f\u017eeme mluvit a jak\u00e9si &#8222;map\u011b v hlav\u011b&#8220;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Takto stanoven\u00e9 t\u00e9ma by umo\u017enilo jasn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vymezen\u00ed rozd\u00edlu mezi polohou (<em>location<\/em>) a m\u00edstem (<em>place<\/em>). V&nbsp;\u010desk\u00e9m vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed je tento rozd\u00edl dosud nepochopen\u00fd. Um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed geografick\u00fdch jev\u016f, proces\u016f, pohyb\u016f v prostoru a jejich ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed jedinci pronik\u00e1 i do dal\u0161\u00edch vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edch oblast\u00ed a vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edch obor\u016f. Mluv\u00edme o procesu, kter\u00fd se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201e<strong>geografizace<\/strong>\u201c, kter\u00fd analyzuje americk\u00fd filosof Stephen G\u00fcnzel v&nbsp;Nietzscheho filosofii (G\u00fcnzel, 2003).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1m, \u017ee v&nbsp;zahrani\u010d\u00ed existuj\u00ed ve vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupy, kter\u00e9 jsou zalo\u017eeny na koncepci m\u00edst, nap\u0159. (Smith, 2002) (Sobel, 2004, 2005).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jako nevhodn\u00fd n\u00e1zev tematick\u00e9ho celku se jev\u00ed \u201e<em>P\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed a&nbsp;socioekonomick\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed a&nbsp;jejich vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 interakce\u201c. <\/em>Vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, pokud jde o interakce, je <strong>hum\u00e1nn\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed<\/strong>, viz nap\u0159\u00edklad n\u011bmeck\u00e1 koncepce geografick\u00e9ho vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed (Kulke, 2007).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pro dal\u0161\u00ed posouzen\u00ed uv\u00e1d\u00edm celosv\u011btov\u011b respektovan\u00fdch americk\u00fdch <strong>5 t\u00e9mat geografie<\/strong>: poloha (<em>location<\/em>) \u2013 m\u00edsto (<em>place<\/em>) \u2013 interakce spole\u010dnost a prost\u0159ed\u00ed \u2013 pohyb (<em>movement<\/em>) \u2013 regiony. V\u00edce nap\u0159. Bednarz, et al., 1994. S&nbsp;t\u00edm souvis\u00ed <strong>geografick\u00e9<\/strong> <strong>my\u0161len\u00ed<\/strong> a tzv. velk\u00e9 my\u0161lenky, kter\u00e9 uv\u00e1d\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad v&nbsp;<em>Thinking geographically<\/em> (Jackson, 2006, p. 199) a kter\u00fd je citovan\u00fd Enserem (2021, str. 65). Jsou to <strong>prostor a m\u00edsto<\/strong> (<em>place<\/em>), <strong>m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko<\/strong> <strong>a propojov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong> (<em>connection<\/em><strong>), bl\u00edzkost<\/strong> (<em>proximity<\/em>) <strong>a vzd\u00e1lenost \/ odlehlost<\/strong> (<em>distance<\/em><strong>), vztahov\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed<\/strong> (<em>relational thinking<\/em>). Dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad \u201evelk\u00fdch my\u0161lenek\u201c je text Alarica Maudea, kter\u00fd se se v\u011bnuje <strong>\u201epowerful knowledge&#8220;<\/strong> (Maude, 2020). Jsou to <strong>m\u00edsto<\/strong> (<em>place<\/em>), <strong>prostor<\/strong> (<em>space<\/em>), <strong>prost\u0159ed\u00ed<\/strong> (<em>environment<\/em>) a <strong>vz\u00e1jemn\u00e1 propojenost<\/strong> \/ prov\u00e1zanost (<em>interconnection<\/em>). Jak je patrn\u00e9 z&nbsp;tohoto kr\u00e1tk\u00e9ho p\u0159ehledu, m\u00edsto (<em>place<\/em>) jako koncept je v&nbsp;glob\u00e1ln\u00edm geografick\u00e9m vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zvolen\u00e1 \u010dty\u0159i t\u00e9mata v&nbsp;\u010desk\u00e9m N\u00e1vrhu p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed on\u011bch 5 americk\u00fdch t\u00e9mat geografie, kde je v\u0161ak sp\u00ed\u0161 n\u00e1hodn\u011b, v&nbsp;r\u00e1mci OVU, uvedena zm\u011bna \/zm\u011bny geografick\u00fdch jev\u016f, jejich prostorov\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V&nbsp;N\u00e1vrhu Velk\u00e9 revize RVP ZV se uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed obecn\u00e9 c\u00edle, m\u016f\u017eeme tak\u00e9 \u0159\u00edci kompetence, geografick\u00e9 v\u00fduky (vlastn\u00ed zv\u00fdrazn\u011bn\u00ed).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><\/p><cite>V\u00fduka geografie m\u00e1 proto vytvo\u0159it takov\u00e9 podm\u00ednky, aby se \u017e\u00e1ci postupn\u011b nau\u010dili:<br>\u2022 <strong>geograficky myslet<\/strong>, tj., ve zkratce \u0159e\u010deno, na z\u00e1klad\u011b osvojen\u00e9ho oborov\u00e9ho pozn\u00e1n\u00ed porozum\u011bt p\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u00e1m i d\u016fsledk\u016fm prostorov\u00e9ho uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed (poloze a rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed) p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch i spole\u010densk\u00fdch proces\u016f a jev\u016f, jejich vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdm vztah\u016fm a v\u00fdvoji v \u010dase, a to v konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch m\u00edstech \u010di regionech r\u016fzn\u00e9ho m\u011b\u0159\u00edtka;<br>\u2022 <strong>vyu\u017e\u00edvat geografick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed pro pozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed reality<\/strong>, tj. kl\u00e1st si \u0159et\u011bzec geografick\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek, p\u0159i jejich zodpov\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed efektivn\u011b a kriticky rozpozn\u00e1vat a vyu\u017e\u00edvat relevantn\u00ed zdroje informac\u00ed a z\u00edskan\u00e9 informace t\u0159\u00eddit, zobec\u0148ovat, interpretovat v \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm kontextu, navrhovat uv\u00e1\u017eliv\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed a form\u00e1ln\u011b i obsahov\u011b spr\u00e1vn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem je prezentovat a sd\u00edlet;<br>\u2022<strong> aktivn\u011b a zodpov\u011bdn\u011b jednat v (re\u00e1ln\u00e9m i digit\u00e1ln\u00edm) prostoru<\/strong>, tj. vn\u00edmat sebe sama jako sou\u010d\u00e1st propojen\u00e9ho sv\u011bta, a proto si uv\u011bdomovat, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e9 jejich rozhodnut\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo \u010di zprost\u0159edkovan\u011b ovliv\u0148uje udr\u017eitelnost \u017eivota na Zemi.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uveden\u00e9 c\u00edle geografick\u00e9ho vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed jsou p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 \u201euzam\u010den\u00e9 \/ uv\u011bzn\u011bn\u00e9\u201c v&nbsp;minulosti. Pro\u010d takov\u00e9 zd\u016fraz\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010din a n\u00e1sledk\u016f? Pro\u010d ve formulac\u00edch pou\u017e\u00edvat hodnocen\u00ed, jako jsou \u201euv\u00e1\u017eliv\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed\u201c, \u201espr\u00e1vn\u00fd zp\u016fsob\u201c? Existuje n\u011bco takov\u00e9ho v&nbsp;demokratick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, kter\u00e1 je zalo\u017een\u00e1 na pluralit\u011b n\u00e1zor\u016f? Takto v\u00fd\u0161e stanoven\u00e9 (jednotn\u00e9) v\u00fdsledky uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed jsou ji\u017e p\u0159ekonan\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V&nbsp;uveden\u00fdch c\u00edlech se bere v&nbsp;\u00favahu jen <strong>re\u00e1ln\u00fd a digit\u00e1ln\u00ed prostor<\/strong>. Ale co <strong>prostor ment\u00e1ln\u00ed \/ kognitivn\u00ed <\/strong>(prostorovost) (Malpas, 1999), kter\u00fd m\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00fd jedinec? Kde se vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed? Bere se ve Velk\u00e9 revizi RVP ZV v&nbsp;\u00favahu imaginace, fantazie, metakognice jedince, kter\u00fd se m\u016f\u017ee jejich prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm d\u00edvat (ch\u00e1pat) na realitu \u010di realita m\u016f\u017ee ovliv\u0148ovat jeho imaginaci \u010di fantazii? O tom ji\u017e p\u00ed\u0161e \u010desk\u00fd odborn\u00edk na zem\u011bpis Josef Harapat (Harapat, 1907) p\u0159ed v\u00edce jak 100 lety! V&nbsp;takov\u00e9m prostoru se pr\u00e1v\u011b uplat\u0148uj\u00ed hodnoty a postoje, kter\u00e9 jsou subjektivn\u00ed, \u010di intersubjektivn\u00ed (sd\u00edlen\u00e9) a jsou \u201ezvnit\u0159n\u011bl\u00e9\u201c (internalizovan\u00e9) (Bruner, 1960, 1977) (Vygotskyj; in: \u0160imik, \u0160imlov\u00e1, Seberov\u00e1, &amp; G\u00f6belov\u00e1, 2023), co\u017e je obecn\u011b asi ta nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed str\u00e1nka vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e1 v&nbsp;cel\u00e9m N\u00e1vrhu (i v&nbsp;obecn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti), b\u00fdv\u00e1 nedostate\u010dn\u011b zastoupen\u00e1 a\u017e opom\u00edjen\u00e1, \u0161patn\u011b definovan\u00e1 a interpretovan\u00e1, jak v&nbsp;tomto textu \u010dasto zmi\u0148uji, alespo\u0148 co se t\u00fdk\u00e1 vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed oblasti \/ oboru Geografie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">O\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky u\u010den\u00ed (OVU) v Geografii<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V&nbsp;n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm textu se zam\u011b\u0159\u00edm na formulaci a v\u00fdznam jednotliv\u00fdch OVU v&nbsp;Geografii, kde nazna\u010d\u00edm jejich kvalitu porovn\u00e1vanou n\u00e1strojem RBT (Anderson &amp; Krathwohl, 2001). Celkov\u00e9 shrnut\u00ed kvality uk\u00e1\u017eu v&nbsp;n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm Shrnut\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pozn\u00e1mka: popis a zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed (metodick\u00e1 podpora), kter\u00e9 jsou u jednotliv\u00fdch OVU, jsou nez\u00e1vazn\u00e9!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1 <strong><em>Geografie a jej\u00ed metody pozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed (1-3)<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><\/p><cite><strong>GEO-GEO-001-ZV9-001<\/strong><em>: <strong>kriticky vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1<\/strong> mapy a dal\u0161\u00ed zdroje geografick\u00fdch dat pro vlastn\u00ed u\u010den\u00ed i ka\u017edodenn\u00ed pozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed reality<\/em><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k OVU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nen\u00ed jasn\u00e9, jak je my\u0161leno \u201evlastn\u00ed u\u010den\u00ed\u201c. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b je my\u0161len \u201eotisk\u201c (transmise?) p\u0159edkl\u00e1dan\u00e9ho. Je zd\u016fraz\u0148ovan\u00fd proces pozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed v ka\u017edodennosti. V&nbsp;souvislosti s&nbsp;ka\u017edodennost\u00ed, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b se zdrav\u00fdm (\u201eselsk\u00fdm\u201c) rozumem, co\u017e je v&nbsp;N\u00e1vrhu \u010dasto zmi\u0148ov\u00e1no a m\u00e1 to podporovat \u010desk\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed (\u010dasto technick\u00e9 povahy), je nutn\u00e9 zd\u016fraznit koncept \u201e<strong>powerful knowledge<\/strong>\u201c, se kter\u00fdm p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed britsk\u00fd odborn\u00edk na vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed Michael Young (Young, 2015) a pro geografick\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed rozvinul britsk\u00fd autor David Lambert (Lambert, 2015) a australsk\u00fd autor Alaric Maude (Maude, 2018) (Maude, 2020). Jedn\u00e1 se o znalosti, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1k\u016fm p\u0159edpov\u00eddat, p\u0159edstavovat si alternativy, pom\u00e1hat \u017e\u00e1k\u016fm myslet nov\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, a to <strong>v\u0161em \u017e\u00e1k\u016fm<\/strong>, bez ohledu na \u201erodinn\u00e9 pozad\u00ed\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k&nbsp;popisu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nesta\u010d\u00ed mapy (mapov\u00e9 podklady) \u010d\u00edst, analyzovat a interpretovat, ale tak\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159et, jak je uvedeno v&nbsp;popisu tohoto OVU, ale v&nbsp;souladu s&nbsp;kvalitou my\u0161len\u00ed&nbsp;propojovat v\u011bdeck\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup (analytick\u00fd) s&nbsp;p\u0159\u00edstupem um\u011bleck\u00fdm (intuitivn\u00edm) (viz nap\u0159\u00edklad (Kahneman, 2011), zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b ve voln\u011b tvo\u0159en\u00fdch (otev\u0159en\u00fdch) ment\u00e1ln\u00edch map\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 vypov\u00eddaj\u00ed nejen o jedinci, kter\u00fd je vytvo\u0159il (jeho reprezentaci), ale jsou komunikac\u00ed s&nbsp;ostatn\u00edmi. Nap\u0159. nakreslen\u00fd vysv\u011btluj\u00edc\u00ed n\u00e1\u010drt cizinci (outsiderovi) \u201ejak se dostat z&nbsp;m\u00edsta A do m\u00edsta B\u201c mus\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u0161em srozumiteln\u00fd. Je to velmi \u010dasto vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 obecn\u00e1 geografick\u00e1 dovednost v&nbsp;b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b (ka\u017edodennosti), ale kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 obecn\u00e1 pravidla \u2013 zn\u00e1zornit bod A a bod B, zn\u00e1zornit dominantn\u00ed body na cest\u011b, vyj\u00e1d\u0159it vzd\u00e1lenost v&nbsp;metrech nebo v&nbsp;\u010dase (minut\u00e1ch), a dal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jedna z&nbsp;mnoha map, kter\u00e1 by m\u011bla b\u00fdt v&nbsp;geografick\u00e9m vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na a vysv\u011btlov\u00e1na, je mapa zobrazuj\u00edc\u00ed K\u00f6ppenovu klasifikaci podneb\u00ed (K\u00f6ppen, 1936), kter\u00e1 je vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00e1 ji\u017e od konce 19. stolet\u00ed a bylo n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t upravov\u00e1na. Ty nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00fapravy byly v&nbsp;roce 1918 a v&nbsp;roce 1936. Podle anglick\u00e9 wikipedie, v&nbsp;50. a 60. letech spolupracoval s&nbsp;K\u00f6ppenem&nbsp; na zm\u011bn\u00e1ch syst\u00e9mu klasifikace klimatu n\u011bmeck\u00fd klimatolog Rudolf Geiger (Beck, Grieser, &amp; Rubel, 2005). S&nbsp;klimatem je t\u011bsn\u011b v\u00e1zan\u00e1 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 produkce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dal\u0161\u00ed b\u011b\u017enou obecnou geografickou dovednost\u00ed je vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed navigac\u00ed (samostatn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f, aplikac\u00ed v&nbsp;telefonu) v&nbsp;pohybu prostorem. Tato dovednost vy\u017eaduje kritick\u00e9 posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed z&nbsp;t\u011bchto zdroj\u016f a v\u010das odhalit zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed informace. Od 80. let se&nbsp;v&nbsp;geografick\u00e9m vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed objevuje pojem \u201emapy l\u017eou\u201c. Jak uv\u00e1d\u00ed (Chase &amp; Chi, 1981), lid\u00e9 d\u011blaj\u00ed prostorov\u00e9 chyby (v\u011bdom\u011b i nev\u011bdom\u011b), kdy\u017e kresl\u00ed \/ tvo\u0159\u00ed mapy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u017d\u00e1ky je t\u0159eba nau\u010dit orientovat mapu podle absolutn\u00ed polohy (k severu), ale i podle vlastn\u00ed (relativn\u00ed \/ rela\u010dn\u00ed) polohy, nap\u0159\u00edklad ve sm\u011bru vlastn\u00edho pohybu v&nbsp;prostoru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><\/p><cite><strong>GEO-GEO-001-ZV9-002<\/strong>:<em><strong> vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1<\/strong> geotechnologie k z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed, vizualizaci a sd\u00edlen\u00ed geografick\u00fdch dat za \u00fa\u010delem \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed re\u00e1ln\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f<\/em><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k&nbsp;OVU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bez p\u0159ipom\u00ednek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k popisu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Popis tohoto OVU je velmi <strong>expresivn\u00ed, a a\u017e zaslepen\u00fd<\/strong>, ve vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed o d\u016fle\u017eitosti a nezbytnosti geotechnolog\u00ed\u00ed pro jedince. <strong>Geotechnolgie<\/strong> na rozd\u00edl od <strong>geografick\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed<\/strong> neznamenaj\u00ed jistotu v&nbsp;kvalitn\u00edm &nbsp;\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed probl\u00e9mov\u00fdch \u00faloh a nemusej\u00ed rozv\u00edjet kognitivn\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed postupy. Vezm\u011bme zku\u0161enost se zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00edm po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f. Dosud je velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st u\u017eivatel\u016f po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed slep\u011b a bezmezn\u011b v\u011b\u0159\u00ed tomu, co z&nbsp;po\u010d\u00edta\u010de vypadne. \u201e<em>Co se uk\u00e1\u017ee na obrazovce po\u010d\u00edta\u010de, je pravda<\/em>.\u201c Mluv\u00edm o kritick\u00e9m my\u0161len\u00ed a posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdsledk\u016f, kter\u00e9 geotechnologie poskytuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lep\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edstavu o \u00faloh\u00e1ch je mo\u017en\u00e9 si ud\u011blat nap\u0159\u00edklad ze <em>Z\u00e1klad\u016f zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch znalost\u00ed (Herink &amp; Tlach, 1999) <\/em>nebo z <em>Metodick\u00fdch koment\u00e1\u0159\u016f a \u00faloh <\/em>(Herink, 2016). Jsou to publikace, kter\u00e9 podle m\u00e9ho n\u00e1zoru, nebyly (ani kriticky) p\u0159ijaty \u010deskou u\u010ditelskou ve\u0159ejnost\u00ed. Z&nbsp;n\u011bmeck\u00e9 odborn\u00e9 literatury je pro \u010desk\u00e9 geografick\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed inspiruj\u00edc\u00ed publikace od autor\u016f (Gamerith, Hemmer, &amp; Czapek, 2014). Nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed publikace o gradaci, rozum\u011bj obt\u00ed\u017enosti, \u00faloh p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed ostrav\u0161t\u00ed auto\u0159i (\u0160imik, \u0160imlov\u00e1, Seberov\u00e1, &amp; G\u00f6belov\u00e1, 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V&nbsp;popisu nen\u00ed zd\u016frazn\u011bno, \u017ee d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je geografick\u00fd obsah ne\u017e samotn\u00e9 geotechnologie. Geotechnologie sp\u00ed\u0161e tvo\u0159\u00ed \u201eformu\u201c \u010di n\u00e1stroj. Ilustrativn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad v&nbsp;\u010cesku poch\u00e1z\u00ed ze za\u010d\u00e1tku 21. stolet\u00ed, kdy vymezov\u00e1n\u00ed administrativn\u00edch celk\u016f, tzv. ORP (mal\u00fdch okres\u016f), bylo sv\u011b\u0159eno akademick\u00e9mu pracovi\u0161ti, kter\u00e9 pou\u017eilo \/ vyu\u017eilo &nbsp;digit\u00e1ln\u00ed \/ analytick\u00fd n\u00e1stroj GIS. V\u00fdsledek byl nepou\u017eiteln\u00fd. Musel nastoupit odborn\u00edk na regionalizaci \u010ceska a vytvo\u0159it soustavu ORP zcela na geografick\u00fdch (region\u00e1ln\u00edch) principech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V&nbsp;geotechnologi\u00edch, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch, by se m\u011bly preferovat voln\u011b \u0161i\u0159iteln\u00e9 (otev\u0159en\u00e9) programy a nikoli komer\u010dn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd software, kter\u00fd firmy sice v\u00fdhodn\u011b a se slevou \u0161kol\u00e1m nab\u00edzej\u00ed, av\u0161ak vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed si na sob\u011b \u201ez\u00e1visl\u00e9\u201c budouc\u00ed z\u00e1kazn\u00edky. Tento postoj je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd z&nbsp;hlediska hodnot, jinak \u0159e\u010deno, zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed na voln\u011b \u0161i\u0159iteln\u00e9 programy je v\u00fdchovn\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><\/p><cite><strong>GEO-GEO-001-ZV9-003<\/strong>: <em><strong>vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1<\/strong> geografick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed a zp\u016fsoby pozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed jev\u016f a proces\u016f k identifikaci p\u0159\u00ed\u010din a d\u016fsledk\u016f \u010dasoprostorov\u00fdch zm\u011bn m\u00edst a region\u016f<\/em><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k&nbsp;OVU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V&nbsp;geografick\u00e9m pozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a my\u0161len\u00ed nejsou jen p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny a d\u016fsledky, kter\u00e9 jsou v&nbsp;tomto OVU explicitn\u011b zm\u00edn\u011bny. Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b toto neplat\u00ed v&nbsp;my\u0161len\u00ed, kter\u00e9 analyzuje rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad princip NIMBY (<em>Not In My Back Yard \u2013 <\/em>Ne na m\u00e9m pozemku), v\u00edce (Rosen, 2008). V&nbsp;\u010desk\u00e9m uplatn\u011bn\u00ed tohoto \u201eefektu\u201c viz nap\u0159\u00edklad novinov\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek s&nbsp;\u010desk\u00fdm geografem R. Perl\u00ednem (v\u00edce <a href=\"https:\/\/zpravy.aktualne.cz\/ekonomika\/reality\/rozhovor-nimby-radim-perlin\/r~b3b1b50c05fb11efa065ac1f6b220ee8\/\">ZDE<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k popisu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V tomto OVU nejde jen o to, co je <strong>\u201cve<\/strong> <strong>zkratce<\/strong> <strong>\u0159e\u010deno<\/strong>\u201d. Nejde jen o p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdn\u00e9 deterministick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed \u201ep\u0159\u00ed\u010dina \u2013 d\u016fsledek\u201c (zjednodu\u0161en\u011b \u201eteorie v\u011bdy\u201c), ale i o \u201espole\u010denskov\u011bdn\u00ed\u201c v\u00fdznamov\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed, kter\u00e9 kriticky posuzuje \u201eplatnost p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch z\u00e1kon\u016f\u201c, jak svou \u201etez\u00ed falzikace\u201c k&nbsp;tomu t\u00e9matu p\u0159isp\u011bl Karl Popper (in: St\u00f6rig, 1991). Takov\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed je zprost\u0159edkovan\u00e9 a zobec\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed, abstrahuj\u00edc\u00ed zp\u016fsob pozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed podstatn\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f a jev\u016f na z\u00e1klad\u011b pochopen\u00ed jejich z\u00e1kladn\u00edch vztah\u016f a souvislost\u00ed. Jsou to nap\u0159\u00edklad \u201epowerful knowledge\u201c, jak je koncipuje Michael Young.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V&nbsp;takto stanoven\u00e9m OVU nejde jen o \u201e<strong>\u010dasoprostorov\u00e9 zm\u011bny<\/strong> m\u00edst a region\u016f\u201c, ale jak nap\u0159\u00edklad koncipuje geografick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed Ph. Gersmehl (2005, 2008), je to<strong> poloha<\/strong> a<strong> stav <\/strong>geografick\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f a jev\u016f, kter\u00e9 p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00ed <strong>\u010dasoprostorov\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>2 P\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed a socioekonomick\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed a jejich vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 interakce (4-12)<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nen\u00ed jenom \u201esocioekonomick\u00e9\u201c prost\u0159ed\u00ed. L\u00e9pe je mluvit o \u201ekulturn\u00edm\u201d nebo \u201ehum\u00e1nn\u00edm\u201c prost\u0159ed\u00ed ve vztahu k \u201ep\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmu\u201c. Je mo\u017en\u00e9 se v&nbsp;tomto zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed inspirovat n\u011bmeck\u00fdm modelem geografick\u00e9ho vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed (Kulke, 2007). V&nbsp;N\u00e1vrhu Velk\u00e9 revize RVP ZV&nbsp; tento OVU vych\u00e1z\u00ed z \u201ekrajiny\u201c \u2013 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed a kulturn\u00ed. V&nbsp;tomto t\u00e9matu by nem\u011blo j\u00edt o interakce mezi prost\u0159ed\u00edmi, ale o interakce mezi jedincem \/ spole\u010dnost\u00ed a prost\u0159ed\u00edm. Vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 to to tak\u00e9 z obsa\u017een\u00fdch OVU, ve kter\u00fdch se odkazuje na \u201e<em>p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed procesy a lidsk\u00e9 aktivity\u201c.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pozn\u00e1mka: Filosofie \u0158ek\u016f zd\u016fraz\u0148ovala rozli\u0161en\u00ed mezi &#8222;p\u0159\u00edrodou&#8220; (<em>phys<\/em>is) na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b a &#8222;z\u00e1konem&#8220;, &#8222;zvykem&#8220; nebo &#8222;konvenc\u00ed&#8220; (<em>nomos<\/em>) na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b (Aristoteles).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><\/p><cite><strong>GEO-GEO-002-ZV9-004<\/strong><em><strong>:<\/strong> <strong>zd\u016fvodn\u00ed<\/strong> prostorov\u00e9 a \u010dasov\u00e9 rozlo\u017een\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjmu slune\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed jako\u017eto zdroje energie i rizika pro p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed procesy a lidsk\u00e9 aktivity<\/em><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k&nbsp;OVU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kognitivn\u00ed dimenze je podle RBT (Anderson &amp; Krathwohl, 2001) nastavena n\u00edzko.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k popisu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tento OVU v&nbsp;N\u00e1vrhu je z hlediska \u201eoptim\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c \u00farovn\u011b nasazen\u00fd n\u00edzko (\u201eminim\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c \u00farove\u0148). Vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010dinn\u00e1 slovesa jsou \u201evyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1\u201c \u010di \u201eanalyzuje\u201c. Pokud je ch\u00e1p\u00e1no jako \u201ehodnot\u00ed\u201c, pak je tento OVU nasazen\u00fd p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vysoko.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uveden\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad s&nbsp;vyu\u017eit\u00edm poznatk\u016f fyziky je spr\u00e1vn\u00fd, ale je nutn\u00e9 pouk\u00e1zat tak\u00e9 na poznatky biologie, nap\u0159\u00edklad t\u00e9ma \u201ebiomy\u201c a jejich prostorov\u00e9 (p\u00e1smov\u00e9) rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed na planet\u011b v&nbsp;\u0161\u00ed\u0159kov\u00e9m sm\u011bru. Ve v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e9m (dle nadmo\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky) uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed do v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00fdch stup\u0148\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V&nbsp;lidsk\u00fdch aktivit\u00e1ch je naprosto pominut\u00fd vliv na zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. Se zm\u011bnou klimatu st\u00e1le v\u00edce zd\u016fraz\u0148ovan\u00e1 zm\u011bna v&nbsp;zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 \u010dinnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nen\u00ed vysv\u011btlen\u00fd rozd\u00edl mezi pojmy \u201em\u00edsto\u201c a \u201eregion\u201c v&nbsp;tomto OVU a v podstat\u011b ani jinde v N\u00e1vrhu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><\/p><cite><strong>GEO-GEO-002-ZV9-005: <\/strong><em><strong>zd\u016fvodn\u00ed <\/strong>prostorov\u00e9 a \u010dasov\u00e9 rozlo\u017een\u00ed pohybu vzduchu a vody jako p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti i rizika pro p\u0159\u00edrodu a spole\u010dnost<\/em><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k&nbsp;OVU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jak kognitivn\u00ed tak znalostn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 je podle RBT nastavena n\u00edzko.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k popisu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nastaven\u00ed OVU na kognitivn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 \u201ezd\u016fvodn\u00ed\u201c je n\u00edzko a je v&nbsp;rozporu s&nbsp;deklarovanou \u201eoptim\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c \u00farovn\u00ed, viz (Zad\u00e1n\u00ed pro NPI \u010cR. Revize R\u00e1mcov\u00e9ho vzd\u011bl\u00e1vc\u00edho programu pro z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, 2023). Vych\u00e1z\u00edm p\u0159itom z&nbsp;n\u00e1stroje RBT (Anderson &amp; Krathwohl, 2001).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 \u0161kolsk\u00e1 praxe vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 t\u00e9ma \u201eob\u011bh vody na Zemi\u201c. V&nbsp;tomto OVU je pot\u0159eba t\u00e9matu v\u011bnovat pozornost, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm z&nbsp;pohledu postupn\u00e9ho gradov\u00e1n\u00ed ve spir\u00e1le, aby nedoch\u00e1zelo st\u00e1le k&nbsp;\u201eu\u010den\u00ed od za\u010d\u00e1tku\u201c (princip \u201e<em>tabula rasa\u201c,<\/em> jedinec na dan\u00e9m stupni v\u00fdvoje jako nepopsan\u00fd list pap\u00edru<em>)<\/em>, dokonce i na \u010dty\u0159let\u00e9m vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm gymn\u00e1ziu, ve kter\u00e9m by m\u011bl b\u00fdt \u017e\u00e1k s&nbsp;touto problematikou ji\u017e d\u00e1vno sezn\u00e1men\u00fd a na minim\u00e1ln\u00ed odborn\u00e9 \u00farovni znal\u00fd, kompetentn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Z&nbsp;hlediska konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f je tento OVU zpracovan\u00fd velmi obecn\u011b (a\u017e povrchn\u011b). Chyb\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad v&nbsp;cirkulaci vzduchu takov\u00e9 jevy, jako jsou tropick\u00e9 cyklony, torn\u00e1da, monzuny. Pro zem\u011bpisn\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159ky \u010ceska chyb\u00ed tepl\u00e1, studen\u00e1, okluzn\u00ed fronta na planet\u00e1rn\u00ed pol\u00e1rn\u00ed front\u011b, teplotn\u00ed inverze, a dal. P\u0159\u00edklad jak takov\u00e9 t\u00e9ma edukativn\u00ed zpracovat, viz (V\u00e1vra, 2018).V&nbsp;oblasti \/ t\u00e9matu \u201evody\u201c pak je t\u0159eba explicitn\u011b (v N\u00e1vrhu chyb\u00ed) zm\u00ednit mo\u0159sk\u00e9 proudy (tepl\u00e9, studen\u00e9, sou\u010d\u00e1st glob\u00e1ln\u00edho \u201edopravn\u00edku tepla\u201c), vlny tsunami, \u201eboj o vodu\u201c, a dal. Pro \u010cesko povodn\u011b a z\u00e1plavy, na opa\u010dn\u00e9 stran\u011b z&nbsp;hlediska distribuce vody \u201esucho\u201c, d\u00e1le charakteristika \u010ceska z&nbsp;pohledu vodn\u00edch tok\u016f, rozvod\u00ed a povod\u00ed jako \u201est\u0159echy Evropy\u201c. Vhodn\u00fdm v\u00fdukov\u00fdm materi\u00e1lem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt Zem\u011bpisn\u00fd n\u00e1\u010drtn\u00edk (Sobotov\u00e1 &amp; Sobota, 1996).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><\/p><cite><strong>GEO-GEO-002-ZV9-006:<\/strong> <em><strong>zd\u016fvodn\u00ed<\/strong> vznik a rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed tvar\u016f zemsk\u00e9ho povrchu jako\u017eto faktoru ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edho dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed procesy a lidsk\u00e9 aktivity<\/em><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k&nbsp;OVU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jak kognitivn\u00ed tak znalostn\u00ed dimenze je u tohoto OVU nastavena n\u00edzko.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k popisu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nastaven\u00ed OVU na kognitivn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 \u201ezd\u016fvodn\u00ed\u201c je n\u00edzko a je v&nbsp;rozporu s&nbsp;deklarovanou \u201eoptim\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c \u00farovn\u00ed, viz koment\u00e1\u0159 k&nbsp;p\u0159ede\u0161l\u00e9mu OVU. Spr\u00e1vn\u011b se v&nbsp;N\u00e1vrhu vych\u00e1z\u00ed z&nbsp;OVU pro 1. stupe\u0148 ZV.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pro uveden\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady zv\u00e1\u017eit, zda nap\u0159. tsunami u\u010dit a za\u0159adit do tohoto OVU nebo do p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edho OVU (GEO-GEO-002-ZV9-005). Doporu\u010duji v\u00edce se zam\u011b\u0159it na litosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 desky, jejich pohyb a okraje, na horotvornou \u010dinnost v&nbsp;\u010dasov\u00e9 struktu\u0159e a v&nbsp;geografick\u00e9m uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed. V\u00edce nap\u0159\u00edklad (V\u00e1vra, 2017). Zam\u011b\u0159it se i na dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fsledky deskov\u00e9 tektoniky, jako jsou sope\u010dn\u00e1 \u010dinnost a zem\u011bt\u0159esn\u00ed. Zam\u011b\u0159it se na vliv t\u011bchto jev\u016f na lok\u00e1ln\u00ed \/ region\u00e1ln\u00ed spole\u010dnost a na chov\u00e1n\u00ed jedinc\u016f v&nbsp;potenci\u00e1ln\u00edm p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm riziku. Zv\u00e1\u017eit zda tyto jevy a vztahy s&nbsp;dopady na lok\u00e1ln\u00ed spole\u010dnost a chov\u00e1n\u00ed jedince nezahrnout do p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edho OVU (GEO-GEO-002-ZV9-005).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><\/p><cite><strong>GEO-GEO-002-ZV9-007:<\/strong><em> <strong>interpretuje<\/strong> prostorov\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fd a bioty a jejich zm\u011bny jako v\u00fdsledek spole\u010dn\u00e9ho p\u016fsoben\u00ed klimatu, reli\u00e9fu a lidsk\u00fdch aktivit<\/em><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k&nbsp;OVU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kognitivn\u00ed dimenze je nastavena n\u00edzko.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k popisu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">OVU je nastaveno podle metodologie RBT (Anderson &amp; Krathwohl, 2001) pod \u201eoptim\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c \u00farove\u0148. Nesta\u010d\u00ed jen \u201eporozum\u011bt \u2013 interpretovat\u201c, ale aktivn\u011b \u201evyu\u017e\u00edvat\u201d nebo \u201epou\u017e\u00edvat\u201c, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b \u201ediferencovat\u201c (<em>differentiating<\/em>), \u201euspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1vat\u201c (<em>organizing<\/em>) a nebo \u201eatributovat\u201c (<em>attributing<\/em>) . p\u0159i\u0159azovat smysl, symbol a pod.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tento OVU by m\u011bl sm\u011b\u0159ovat do vztahu klima \u2013 p\u016fdy \u2013 bioty \u2013 zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed s&nbsp;podm\u00edn\u011bnost\u00ed na <strong>geografick\u00e9 zon\u00e1lnosti<\/strong> (vyu\u017eit\u00ed K\u00f6ppenovy klasifikace podneb\u00ed), <strong>v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e9 stup\u0148ovitosti<\/strong>. Zd\u016fraz\u0148ovat zm\u011bnu v&nbsp;my\u0161len\u00ed lid\u00ed od geografick\u00e9ho (environment\u00e1ln\u00edho) determinismu, kter\u00fd je p\u0159edstavovan\u00fd koncepc\u00ed Ellen Churchill Sempleov\u00e9, k&nbsp;p\u0159edstav\u011b jedine\u010dnosti kulturn\u00ed krajiny (spojen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho s&nbsp;kulturn\u00edm a kulturn\u00edho s p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm), jak ji koncipoval Carl Ortwin Sauer ji\u017e p\u0159ed 100 lety.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Z&nbsp;popisu a zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed tohoto OVU nen\u00ed jasn\u00fd <strong>koncept m\u00edsta<\/strong>. Jde o polohu nebo o region, nebo o n\u011bco jin\u00e9ho? Z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nevysv\u011btleno.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><\/p><cite><strong>GEO-GEO-002-ZV9-008:<\/strong> <em><strong>vysv\u011btl\u00ed<\/strong>, jak p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed a spole\u010densk\u00e9 faktory ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed p\u0159irozen\u00fd i migra\u010dn\u00ed pohyb obyvatel a strukturu i rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed obyvatelstva v r\u016fzn\u00fdch m\u00edstech a regionech<\/em><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k&nbsp;OVU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kognitivn\u00ed a znalostn\u00ed dimenze jsou nastaveny n\u00edzko. Op\u011bt v&nbsp;tomto OVU je propojov\u00e1n\u00ed mezi spole\u010dnost\u00ed a prost\u0159ed\u00edm, chyb\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed na chov\u00e1n\u00ed &nbsp;jedince.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k popisu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">OVU je nastaveno podle metodologie RBT (Anderson &amp; Krathwohl, 2001) pod \u201eoptim\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c \u00farove\u0148. Nesta\u010d\u00ed jen \u201eporozum\u011bt \u2013 interpretovat\u201c, ale aktivn\u011b \u201evyu\u017e\u00edvat\u201d nebo \u201epou\u017e\u00edvat\u201c, p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u201ediferencovat\u201c (<em>differentiating<\/em>), \u201euspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1vat\u201c (<em>organizing<\/em>) a nebo \u201eatributovat\u201c (<em>attributing<\/em>), to jest p\u0159ipisovat, p\u0159isuzovat vysv\u011btlovat ke geografick\u00e9mu jevu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kdy\u017e se v&nbsp;tomto OVO zmi\u0148uj\u00ed <strong>push a pull factory<\/strong> od Everetta Leea (<em>Theory of Migration, <\/em>1966), pak je na m\u00edst\u011b zm\u00ednit model \u201e<strong>demografick\u00e9ho p\u0159echodu<\/strong>\u201c, kter\u00fd se t\u00fdk\u00e1 p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho pohybu obyvatel, v\u00edce nap\u0159. (Sobotov\u00e1 &amp; Sobota, 1996). Z\u00e1klad modelu u\u010dinil A. Londry v&nbsp;\u010dl\u00e1nku <em>La r\u00e9volution d\u00e9mographique <\/em>(1934) (v\u00edce in: (Pavl\u00edk, 1980). V\u00edce nap\u0159\u00edklad t\u00e9ma Vyu\u017eit\u00ed Demografick\u00e9ho modelu v&nbsp;geografick\u00e9m vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed (V\u00e1vra, 2018).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je nejen zmi\u0148ovat spole\u010densk\u00e9 faktory, ale i <strong>faktory kulturn\u00ed<\/strong>. Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b tyto faktory vyniknou, pokud se za\u010dnou v&nbsp;t\u0159\u00edd\u011b diskutovat biologick\u00e9 odli\u0161nosti lid\u00ed (rasy), kter\u00e9 jsou v&nbsp;sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b u\u017e ch\u00e1pan\u00e9 jako p\u0159edsudkov\u00e9.&nbsp; Je nutn\u00e9 \u017e\u00e1ky v\u00e9st k ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed &nbsp;odli\u0161nost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vypl\u00fdvaj\u00ed z&nbsp;kulturn\u00edch rozd\u00edl\u016f (nap\u0159. r\u016fzn\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed). Deklarovan\u00e1 soci\u00e1ln\u00ed spravedlnost, se kterou by se jedinec m\u011bl ztoto\u017e\u0148ovat (tj. hodnotov\u011b se zauj\u00edm\u00e1n\u00edm postoje), vede p\u0159es rozvoj znalost\u00ed a dovednost\u00ed z&nbsp;kulturn\u00edho pozn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><\/p><cite><strong>GEO-GEO-002-ZV9-009:<\/strong> <em><strong>posoud\u00ed <\/strong>mo\u017enosti rozvoje r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f s\u00eddel na z\u00e1klad\u011b porozum\u011bn\u00ed jejich geografick\u00e9 poloze, funkc\u00edm a struktu\u0159e<\/em><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k&nbsp;OVU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Toto je tradi\u010dn\u00ed t\u00e9ma v&nbsp;\u010desk\u00e9m geografick\u00e9m vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Kognitivn\u00ed i znalostn\u00ed dimenze na nastavena na \u00farove\u0148 \u201eoptim\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k popisu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tento OVU je na rozd\u00edl od p\u0159ede\u0161l\u00fdch nastaven\u00fd z&nbsp;hlediska kognitivn\u00ed dimenze nad \u201eoptim\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c \u00farove\u0148. Vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010dinn\u00e1 slovesa by byla \u201erozli\u0161uje\u201c nebo \u201epoukazuje\u201c, nap\u0159\u00edklad na r\u016fzn\u00e9 pohledy akt\u00e9r\u016f na rozvoj s\u00eddel podle velikosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V&nbsp;tomto OVU se ukazuje kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd v\u00fdznam <strong>\u201egeografick\u00e9 polohy\u201c<\/strong>, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 vliv na funkci a uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed ve struktu\u0159e s\u00eddel. Doporu\u010duji za\u0159adit princip \u201eNIMBY\u201c (<em>Not In My Back Yard<\/em>), kter\u00fd propojuje spole\u010densk\u00fd \/ ekonomick\u00fd pohled na rozvoj obce (rozhodovac\u00ed demokratick\u00e9 procesy) &nbsp;a pohled, kter\u00fdm jedinec reprezentuje sv\u016fj osobn\u00ed z\u00e1jem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Doporu\u010duji zahrnout do v\u00fduky geografie \u010ceska zjednodu\u0161en\u00fd model regionalizace \u010ceska, kter\u00fd po n\u011bkolik desetilet\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159el M. Hampl (Hampl &amp; al., 1996). Model je p\u0159\u00ednosn\u00fd i v&nbsp;tom, \u017ee zahrnuje spole\u010densk\u00e9 i prostorov\u00e9 zm\u011bny po roce 1989. D\u016fsledn\u011b se v&nbsp;n\u011bm pracuje s&nbsp;<strong>geografick\u00fdmi regiony<\/strong>, kter\u00e9 jsou odli\u0161n\u00e9 od <strong>administrativn\u00edch region\u016f<\/strong> (kraje, ORP), co\u017e velmi \u010dasto b\u00fdv\u00e1 chybn\u011b ztoto\u017e\u0148ov\u00e1no \/ zam\u011b\u0148ov\u00e1no.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><\/p><cite><strong>GEO-GEO-002-ZV9-010:<\/strong> <em><strong>zhodnot\u00ed<\/strong> faktory ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed, rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed a \u00fazemn\u00ed dopad ekonomick\u00fdch aktivit a jejich vliv na vysp\u011blost m\u00edst a region\u016f<\/em><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k&nbsp;OVU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u00e9ma, kter\u00e9 se v&nbsp;\u010desk\u00e9m geografick\u00e9m vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed dlouho vyu\u010duje. Kognitivn\u00ed a znalostn\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b jsou od sebe kvalitativn\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u011b odli\u0161eny. Znalostn\u00ed je na minim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovni (fakta).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k popisu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tento OVU je z&nbsp;hlediska kognitivn\u00ed dimenze nastaven\u00fd nad deklarovanou \u201eoptim\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c \u00farove\u0148. Vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010dinn\u00e1 slovesa by byla \u201evyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1\u201c nebo \u201epou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1\u201c, jak je prezentov\u00e1no v&nbsp;RBT (Anderson &amp; Krathwohl, 2001). Nap\u0159\u00edklad na r\u016fzn\u00e9 pohledy akt\u00e9r\u016f na faktory rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed ekonomick\u00fdch aktivit. Je dobr\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee t\u00e9to navrhovan\u00e9 \u201eoptim\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c \u00farovni (vyu\u017e\u00edvat \/ pou\u017e\u00edvat) p\u0159edch\u00e1z\u00ed ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 kognitivn\u00ed dimenze \u2013 \u201elokalizovat\u201c.&nbsp; Dal\u0161\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st ke konceptu \u201eglokalizace\u201c (Swyngedouw 1989), kter\u00e1 zahrnuje nejen procesy globalizace ale i s\u00edlu lok\u00e1ln\u00edho m\u00edsta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Op\u011bt upozor\u0148uji na naprosto nejasnou koncepci m\u00edst a region\u016f (rozd\u00edl mezi t\u011bmito koncepty) v cel\u00e9m N\u00e1vrhu a jak by \u017e\u00e1k m\u011bl odli\u0161n\u011b &nbsp;vyu\u017e\u00edvat tyto koncepty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Potenci\u00e1l tohoto OVU je v&nbsp;tom, \u017ee geografick\u00e1 v\u00fduka by se mohla oprostit (redukovat) od p\u0159et\u00ed\u017eenosti, kter\u00e1 vych\u00e1z\u00ed z&nbsp;dosavadn\u00edho stavu v\u00fduky region\u00e1ln\u00ed geografie. Auto\u0159i N\u00e1vrhu mluv\u00ed o \u201enov\u00e9 region\u00e1ln\u00ed geografii\u201c. V&nbsp;n\u00ed se usiluje o vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed \u201emantry\u201c \u2013 poloha, rozloha, po\u010det obyvatel \u2026 Tato mantra m\u00e1 tradi\u010dn\u00ed m\u00edsto v&nbsp;\u010desk\u00e9m zem\u011bpise ji\u017e od konce 19. stolet\u00ed (viz nap\u0159\u00edklad (David, 1905)! Auto\u0159i N\u00e1vrhu, aby odli\u0161ili tradi\u010dn\u00ed region\u00e1ln\u00ed geografii od nov\u00e9 koncepce, mluv\u00ed o \u201enov\u00e9 region\u00e1ln\u00ed geografii\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Doporu\u010duji do popisu pro u\u010ditele za\u0159adit nap\u0159\u00edklad modely m\u011bst (Burgess\u016fv model a dal\u0161\u00ed).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nen\u00ed jasn\u00fd \u201e<strong>uv\u00e1\u017eliv\u00fd a informovan\u00fd postoj jedince<\/strong>\u201c. P\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 to c\u00edlen\u00ed na \u201et\u0159\u00eddn\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011br\u201c nebo \u201ejednotn\u00fd n\u00e1zor\u201c. &nbsp;Sp\u00ed\u0161e by m\u011blo j\u00edt nap\u0159\u00edklad o zva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed variant v&nbsp;koncepci SWOT anal\u00fdzy a zauj\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed postoje jednotliv\u00fdmi \u017e\u00e1ky ve t\u0159\u00edd\u011b \/ skupin\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><\/p><cite><strong>GEO-GEO-002-ZV9-011:<\/strong> <em>na z\u00e1klad\u011b porozum\u011bn\u00ed pr\u016fb\u011bhu a p\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u00e1m globalizace <strong>demonstruje<\/strong> jej\u00ed pozitivn\u00ed i negativn\u00ed d\u016fsledky na p\u0159\u00edrodu a spole\u010dnost v r\u016fzn\u00fdch m\u00edstech a regionech<\/em><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k&nbsp;OVU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">OVU z&nbsp;hlediska kognitivn\u00ed a znalostn\u00ed dimenze je nastavena n\u00edzko. \u010cinn\u00e9 sloveso, kter\u00e9 charakterizuje kognitivn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148, je vhodn\u00e9 z&nbsp;hlediska rutinn\u00edho pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed, um\u00edstit na za\u010d\u00e1tek formulace OVU.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k popisu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">OVO z&nbsp;hlediska \u201eoptim\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c \u00farovn\u011b kognitivn\u00ed dimenze je nejasn\u011b stanoven\u00e9. Nap\u0159\u00edklad jak\u00fd je rozd\u00edl mezi \u00farovn\u00ed \u201edemonstruje\u201c a \u00farovn\u00ed \u201euvede\u201c jak je nastaveno v&nbsp;n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm OVU (12)?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Objektem pozn\u00e1n\u00ed v&nbsp;tomto OVO je \u201e<strong>globalizace<\/strong>\u201c. Globalizace nen\u00ed jasn\u011b vymezena. Jsou to ekonomick\u00e9 s\u00edly? Jsou politick\u00e9 s\u00edly nebo snad kulturn\u00ed s\u00edly, jak se o tom zmi\u0148uje jeden z&nbsp;dokument\u016f OECD z&nbsp;roku 2018? Bylo by vhodn\u00e9 ve v\u00fduce pou\u017e\u00edvat tyto s\u00edly a procesy ve vztahu lok\u00e1ln\u00ed \u2013 glob\u00e1ln\u00ed, v&nbsp;tzv. <strong>glokalizaci<\/strong> (viz nap\u0159. sociolog Ronald Robertson). Jsem si v\u011bdom toho, \u017ee to je t\u00e9ma, kter\u00e9 je nap\u0159\u00edklad rozpracovan\u00e9 v&nbsp;u\u010debnici pro 9. ro\u010dn\u00edk (Marada, a dal\u0161\u00ed 2017), V&nbsp;popisu je zmi\u0148ovan\u00e1 <strong>geografick\u00e1 gramotnost<\/strong>.&nbsp; Nen\u00ed jasn\u00e9, zda tento pojem n\u00e1hodn\u011b napadl autory, \u010di jsou inspirov\u00e1ni americk\u00fdmi standardy&nbsp; (Downs, et al., 2012). V nich je geografick\u00e1 gramotnost explicitn\u011b definovan\u00e1. V&nbsp;\u010desk\u00e9m vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed, viz tento N\u00e1vrh, se tento pojem v&nbsp;obecn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti v\u016fbec nevyskytuje. P\u0159i \u010detb\u011b o gramotnosti je mo\u017en\u00e9 se pt\u00e1t: Jak\u00fd je rozd\u00edl mezi gramotnost\u00ed a kompetenc\u00ed, l\u00e9pe kompetentnost\u00ed?).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nen\u00ed jasn\u00e9 rozli\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed propojen\u00ed a zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed propojen\u00ed. Nejedn\u00e1 se u druh\u00e9ho zmi\u0148ovan\u00e9ho o propojov\u00e1n\u00ed ve stejn\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">S&nbsp;odkazem na oblast udr\u017eiteln\u00e9ho \u017eivota na Zemi je vhodn\u00e9 toto p\u0159esunout do p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9ho \u010dtvrt\u00e9ho t\u00e9matu \u201eUdr\u017eitelnost \u017eivota na Zemi\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><\/p><cite><strong>GEO-GEO-002-ZV9-012: <\/strong><em><strong>uved<\/strong>e hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny a d\u016fsledky aktu\u00e1ln\u00edch mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch a region\u00e1ln\u00edch konflikt\u016f a p\u0159\u00edklady snah o jejich \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed<\/em><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k&nbsp;OVU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">OVU je v&nbsp;kognitivn\u00ed i znalostn\u00ed dimenzi na minim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovni. Obecn\u011b v&nbsp;tomto geografick\u00e9m vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edm t\u00e9matu chyb\u00ed modelov\u00fd \u010di \u201eprincipi\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c p\u0159\u00edstup (mo\u017en\u00e9 i nazvat \u201evelk\u00e1 my\u0161lenka\u201c nebo generalizace), nap\u0159\u00edklad teorie Sv\u011btov\u00e9ho ostrova a \u201eHeartlandu\u201c podle &nbsp;Mackindera nebo \u201ePrvn\u00ed, druh\u00fd a t\u0159et\u00ed sv\u011bt\u201c z&nbsp;80. let, tedy z obdob\u00ed Studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky (Willy Brandt)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k popisu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">OVU je pod \u201eoptim\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c \u00farovn\u00ed kognitivn\u00ed dimenze. Problematick\u00e9 je zjednodu\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed na \u201ep\u0159\u00ed\u010diny a n\u00e1sledky\u201c. Jedn\u00e1 se o politick\u00e9 a kulturn\u00ed ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 rozli\u0161ovat na \u201e\u010dernou a b\u00edlou\u201c a \u201ejednosm\u011brnou\u201c ur\u010denost. Jeden z&nbsp;mo\u017en\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f je volit alespo\u0148 dva pohledy na konflikt, kter\u00fd je pr\u00e1v\u011b siln\u00fd v&nbsp;tom, \u017ee z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00ed reprezentuj\u00ed sv\u00e9 hodnoty a postoje.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>3 M\u00edsta a regiony sv\u011bta (13-16)<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vzhledem k&nbsp;odkazov\u00e1n\u00ed v&nbsp;p\u0159ede\u0161l\u00fdch tematick\u00fdch celc\u00edch, zv\u00e1\u017eit, zda tento tematick\u00fd celek neposunout v\u00fd\u0161e. Takto nap\u0159\u00edklad je formulovan\u00fd americk\u00fd koncept p\u011bti t\u00e9mat geografie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><\/p><cite><strong>GEO-GEO-003-ZV9-013: <\/strong><em><strong>orientuje<\/strong> <strong>se<\/strong> v m\u00edstech a regionech r\u016fzn\u00e9ho m\u011b\u0159\u00edtka prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm vlastn\u00ed ment\u00e1ln\u00ed mapy dan\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed<\/em><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k&nbsp;OVU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">P\u0159\u00ednosn\u00e1 je ment\u00e1ln\u00ed mapa lok\u00e1ln\u00edho \u00fazem\u00ed (m\u00edsta?) \u2013 znalostn\u00ed dimenze. V&nbsp;kognitivn\u00ed dimenzi je nastaven\u00ed tohoto OVU pod \u201eoptim\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c \u00farovn\u00ed.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k popisu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Deklarovan\u00e1 dosa\u017een\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148 tohoto OVO (\u201eorientuje se\u201c) je pod deklarovanou \u00farovn\u00ed ze zad\u00e1n\u00ed, tedy \u201eoptim\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c \u00farove\u0148. Pro vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 by bylo vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010dinn\u00e9 sloveso \u201epou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1\u201c nebo \u201evyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1\u201c znalost\u00ed a dovednost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tento OVO je ur\u010dit\u011b kl\u00ed\u010dovou geografickou dovednost\u00ed, ale i znalost\u00ed pro geograficky gramotnou osobu.&nbsp; Problematick\u00fdm je \u201ez\u00e1klad\u201c v region\u00e1ln\u00ed geografii, kter\u00fd v&nbsp;\u010desk\u00e9m pojet\u00ed je p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 \u0161kolometsk\u00fd (co nejv\u00edc st\u00e1t\u016f, zvn\u011bj\u0161ku stanoven\u00e9 kategorie, pam\u011btn\u00ed encyklopedick\u00e9 u\u010den\u00ed, zem\u011bpisn\u00e1 mantra a dal.). Tento OVU vyb\u00edz\u00ed k&nbsp;diskusi, zda nezvolit samostatn\u00e9 t\u00e9ma \u2013 geografick\u00e1 poloha, kter\u00e9 zcela jist\u011b pronik\u00e1 do dal\u0161\u00edch vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edch oblast\u00ed a vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edch obor\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Velmi problematick\u00e9 je pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed zdvojen\u00e9ho \u201em\u00edsto a region\u201c. Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b m\u00edsto je v&nbsp;\u010desk\u00e9m vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed ch\u00e1p\u00e1no jako synonymum pro polohu, co\u017e nen\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u011b. Pojem m\u00edsto (<em>place<\/em>) se dost\u00e1val do sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed od 60. let, nap\u0159. Tuan, Cresswell a dal. Je tak\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm pojmem ve filosofii, nap\u0159. Casey nebo Malpas. Tato pozn\u00e1n\u00ed vedou ke st\u00e1le v\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu postaven\u00ed geografie,&nbsp; k&nbsp;n\u011b\u010demu, co se ozna\u010duje &nbsp;\u201e<strong>geografizac\u00ed<\/strong>\u201c v&nbsp;sou\u010dasn\u00e9m pozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edstupu k&nbsp;sou\u010dasn\u00e9mu sv\u011btu. Geografie v&nbsp;\u010cesku v&nbsp;konceptu region a m\u00edsto (v tomto OVU)&nbsp; \u201ezamrzla\u201c v&nbsp;70. letech. Av\u0161ak za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 se prosazovat i mimo geografick\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u201e<strong>m\u00edstn\u011b zakotven\u00e9 u\u010den\u00ed \/ vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong>\u201c (<em>place-based learning \/ education<\/em>), nap\u0159\u00edklad v&nbsp;environment\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdchov\u011b, viz nap\u0159\u00edklad (\u010cin\u010dera, Jan\u010da\u0159\u00edkov\u00e1, Kindlmannov\u00e1, \u0160imonov\u00e1, &amp; Volfov\u00e1, 2011). V&nbsp;t\u00e9 v\u0161ak koncept m\u00edsta hraje roli \u201eodkladi\u0161t\u011b\u201c pro tu \u010d\u00e1st u\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b vejde do \u201etvrd\u00fdch\u201c kompetenc\u00ed (znalosti a dovednosti), a m\u00edsto slou\u017e\u00ed jako \u010d\u00e1st kompetenc\u00ed pro hodnoty a postoje. V&nbsp;humanistick\u00e9 geografii nedoch\u00e1z\u00ed k&nbsp;takov\u00e9 separaci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tyto p\u0159\u00edklady ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee pokud se p\u0159i popisu i argumentov\u00e1n\u00ed nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed zdroje, je tento proces \u201ena bl\u00e1t\u011b\u201c. Pokud se odkazuje na \u201e\u0161kolskou ka\u017edodenn\u00ed praxi\u201c, pak poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1m, \u017ee ta \u201ezamrzla\u201c od konce Rakousko-Uherska, viz pr\u00e1ce Klementa Davida nebo Josefa Harapata, ve kter\u00fdch se kritizuje nap\u0159. pam\u011btn\u00ed u\u010den\u00ed a doporu\u010duje se srovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed u mlad\u0161\u00edch \u017e\u00e1k\u016f a deterministick\u00fd zp\u016fsob (p\u0159\u00ed\u010dina a d\u016fsledek) pozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed u star\u0161\u00edch \u017e\u00e1k\u016f. U t\u011bchto autor\u016f jsou dal\u0161\u00ed dosud nenapl\u0148ovan\u00e9 z\u00e1m\u011bry, nap\u0159 zapojen\u00ed fantazie, hodnocen\u00ed kr\u00e1sy a podobn\u011b. Tedy \u0159e\u010deno sou\u010dasnou terminologi\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed zapojen\u00ed hodnot a postoj\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V&nbsp;sou\u010dasn\u00e9m geografick\u00e9m vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed je ka\u017edodennost a zdrav\u00fd (selsk\u00fd) rozum d\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed, av\u0161ak pr\u00e1v\u011b kv\u016fli&nbsp;odborn\u00e9 neukotvenosti to nesta\u010d\u00ed. D\u0159\u00edve se v&nbsp;odborn\u00e9m textu poukazovalo na generalizace, v&nbsp;sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b to jsou \u201e<em>powerful knowledge<\/em>\u201c, kter\u00e9 jsou ur\u010deny pro v\u0161echny \u017e\u00e1ky bez rozd\u00edlu (inkluze).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><\/p><cite><strong>GEO-GEO-003-ZV9-014: <\/strong><em><strong>pop\u00ed\u0161e<\/strong> shodn\u00e9 a rozd\u00edln\u00e9 charakteristiky m\u00edst a region\u016f a zp\u016fsoby, jak\u00fdm ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed \u017eivot v ostatn\u00edch m\u00edstech a regionech<\/em><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k OVU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cel\u00fd tento OVU je nastaven\u00fd na minim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farove\u0148. T\u00e9ma je vhodn\u00e9 av\u0161ak \u201ekonzervativn\u011b\u201c nastaven\u00e9 \u2013 p\u0159\u00ed\u010dina a d\u016fsledek p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch sil na kulturn\u00ed krajinu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k popisu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tento OVU se dosahovanou \u00farovn\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce vzdaluje od z\u00e1m\u011brn\u00e9 a deklarovan\u00e9 \u201eoptim\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c \u00farovn\u011b. Spojit \u201epopis\u201c a \u201esynt\u00e9zu\u201c do jednoho my\u0161lenkov\u00e9ho procesu je nesmysl, proto\u017ee jde o dv\u011b kvalitativn\u011b odli\u0161n\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b kognice (minim\u00e1ln\u00ed a maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed), viz p\u016fvodn\u00ed Bloomova kognitivn\u00ed taxonomie (Bloom, 1956).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Op\u011bt se u tohoto OVU ukazuje nal\u00e9havost specifikace a vymezen\u00ed charakteru m\u00edsta a regionu. Tento OVU je v\u00edce zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed regionu v&nbsp;geografick\u00e9m u\u010den\u00ed. M\u00edsto je (alespo\u0148 v&nbsp;Popisu tohoto OVU) pom\u00edjeno. P\u0159itom lze ve v\u00fduce vyu\u017e\u00edvat podobnost a rozd\u00edlnost m\u00edst, nejen region\u016f. N\u011bkter\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9 u\u010debnice ji\u017e s&nbsp;t\u00edmto pracuj\u00ed, nap\u0159. 2. vyd\u00e1n\u00ed u\u010debnice pro 9. t\u0159\u00eddy z&nbsp;vydavatelstv\u00ed FRAUS (Marada, a dal\u0161\u00ed, 2017) nebo (K\u00fchnlov\u00e1, 1998). Nesta\u010d\u00ed se zam\u011b\u0159ovat jen na p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed a socioekonomick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky, ale tak\u00e9 na kulturn\u00ed, n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9, politick\u00e9 a dal., kter\u00e9 jsou zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na hodnoty a postoje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><\/p><cite><strong>GEO-GEO-003-ZV9-015: <\/strong><em><strong>dolo\u017e\u00ed<\/strong> konkr\u00e9tn\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edklady rozd\u00edlnou prezentaci m\u00edst a region\u016f v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m i medi\u00e1ln\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b a jej\u00ed dopady na vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed dan\u00fdch m\u00edst a region\u016f<\/em><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k OVU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cel\u00e9 OVU je nastaveno na minim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farove\u0148. Nesta\u010d\u00ed jen prezentovat, ale v&nbsp;sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b jde nap\u0159\u00edklad o ne\u00famysln\u00e9 zkreslov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00edst (nap\u0159\u00edklad insider \/ lok\u00e1ln\u00ed patriot chce co nejv\u00edce vychv\u00e1lit svoje domovsk\u00e9 m\u00edsto), nebo i o z\u00e1m\u011brnou dezinformaci (dos\u00e1hnout politick\u00e9ho c\u00edle, nap\u0159. pou\u017e\u00edvat m\u00edstn\u00ed potraviny a odrazovat od n\u00e1kupu potravin zahrani\u010dn\u00edho p\u016fvodu). Mezi t\u00edm m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt v\u00edcero v\u00fdznamov\u00fdch poloh. V&nbsp;popisu jsou spr\u00e1vn\u011b zm\u00edn\u011bny i p\u0159edsudky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k popisu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tento OVU je pot\u0159eba formulovat do vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u201eoptim\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c \u00farovn\u011b, aby m\u011bl pat\u0159i\u010dnou kvalitu. Tou je \u00farove\u0148 \u201eanalyzovat\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00darove\u0148 \u201eanalyzovat\u201c je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pro pr\u00e1ci s&nbsp;informacemi, jak z&nbsp;re\u00e1ln\u00e9ho tak z virtu\u00e1ln\u00edho sv\u011bta. V\u00fdsledky jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 i pro ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed se jedince s&nbsp;v\u00fdsledky, kter\u00fdch s\u00e1m anal\u00fdzou dos\u00e1hnul, a kter\u00e9 by m\u011bl obh\u00e1jit nap\u0159\u00edklad v&nbsp;diskusi. Afektivn\u00ed kvalita je prezentovan\u00e1 rezistenc\u00ed jedince v\u016f\u010di p\u0159edsudk\u016fm a stereotyp\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Velmi \u201ezvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed\u201c je pou\u017eit\u00fd pojem \u201e<strong>obez\u0159etn\u00fd postoj<\/strong>\u201c. Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed je taky schopnost jedince analyzovat zdroje, poznat dezinformaci! V&nbsp;p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b geografick\u00e9ho vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed je to analytick\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce s&nbsp;mapami (\u201emapy l\u017eou\u201c!) nebo s&nbsp;fotografiemi \/ obr\u00e1zky \u2013 co na nich je, co na nich nen\u00ed, co by na nich m\u011blo b\u00fdt, co by na nich nem\u011blo b\u00fdt. Sp\u00ed\u0161 ne\u017e \u201edokl\u00e1dat\u201c, co by m\u011bl \u017e\u00e1k \u201eanalyzovat\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><\/p><cite><strong>GEO-GEO-003-ZV9-016: <\/strong><em><strong>od\u016fvodn\u00ed<\/strong> svou identifikaci s ur\u010dit\u00fdm m\u00edstem i regiony r\u016fzn\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du a komunitou lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed tam \u017eij\u00ed<\/em><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k OVU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">OVU je v&nbsp;kognitivn\u00ed i znalostn\u00ed dimenzi na minim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k popisu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tento OVU je velmi obecn\u011b (a\u017e povrchn\u011b) popsan\u00fd. OVU jo koncipovan\u00fd analyticky, jako v\u00fdsledek analytick\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed (tedy nesta\u010d\u00ed \u201eod\u016fvodnit\u201c), je t\u0159eba \u201eanalyzovat\u201c- av\u0161ak chyb\u00ed obecn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed principy, modely nebo teorie, tedy \u201e<em>powerful knowledge<\/em>\u201c. Podle (Kahneman, 2011) je analytick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed \u201epomal\u00e9\u201c. V&nbsp;p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b identity a uv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00ed sebe sama je vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed intuitivn\u00ed my\u0161len\u00ed, podle Kahnemana \u201erychl\u00e9\u201c. Jedinec na 2. stupni Z\u0160 je na po\u010d\u00e1tku vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed sv\u00fdch hodnot a postoj\u016f a to se tak\u00e9 t\u00fdk\u00e1 pojm\u016f spojen\u00fdch s&nbsp;m\u00edstem &#8211; \u201e<em>embedded<\/em>\u201c a \u201e<em>embodied<\/em>\u201c (nap\u0159. in: Malpas, 1999), proces\u016f ve vztahu a ve ztoto\u017en\u011bn\u00ed se s&nbsp;m\u00edstem. Tedy m\u00e9n\u011b analytick\u00e9ho a v\u00edce intuitivn\u00edho my\u0161len\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201eVymezen\u00ed vlastn\u00edho m\u00edsta\u201c je v&nbsp;N\u00e1vrhu odborn\u011b velmi neobratn\u011b formulovan\u00e9. Identita jedince je vytv\u00e1\u0159ena domovem \u2013 sousedstv\u00edm- lok\u00e1ln\u00ed komunitou &#8211; spole\u010denstv\u00edm obce. To jsou znaky m\u00edstn\u011b ukotven\u00e9ho vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed (<em>place-based education<\/em>). Region\u00e1ln\u00ed identita (zalo\u017een\u00e1 na pr\u00e1ci Paasiho) je v&nbsp;ZV \u201eneobratn\u00e1\u201c. Jedinec nedok\u00e1\u017ee v&nbsp;tomto v\u011bku rozli\u0161ovat <strong>geografick\u00fd region<\/strong> a <strong>administrativn\u00ed region<\/strong>. Snad vyu\u017eiteln\u00e1 je zm\u011bna v \u201e<strong>krajsk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nosti<\/strong>\u201c a&nbsp; ve zm\u011bn\u00e1ch hranic kraje v&nbsp;roce 2001. Bude to \u017eiv\u00e9 v&nbsp;rodin\u011b (rodi\u010de, prarodi\u010de).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>4 Udr\u017eitelnost \u017eivota na Zemi (17-18)<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><\/p><cite><strong>GEO-GEO-004-ZV9-017: <\/strong><em><strong>vysv\u011btl\u00ed <\/strong>na z\u00e1klad\u011b pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed zm\u011bn m\u00edst a region\u016f vz\u00e1jemnou prov\u00e1zanost pot\u0159eb jedince, spole\u010dnosti a \u017eivotn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a jejich vliv na udr\u017eitelnost \u017eivota na Zemi<\/em><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k OVU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">OVU je v kognitivn\u00ed a znalostn\u00ed dimenzi na minim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k popisu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Velmi obecn\u011b a povrchn\u011b vysv\u011btlen\u00fd OVU. \u201eVysv\u011btl\u00ed\u201c je v&nbsp;kognitivn\u00ed dimenzi (minim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farove\u0148) n\u00ed\u017e ne\u017e \u201epozorovat\u201c, proto\u017ee p\u0159i pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017e\u00e1k mus\u00ed v\u011bd\u011bt, co pozoruje, na co se zam\u011b\u0159it a je\u0161t\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 je v\u00fdsledky pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed analyzovat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V&nbsp;napl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed tohoto OVU je nutn\u00e9, aby \u017e\u00e1k ch\u00e1pal \u201eudr\u017eitelnost \u017eivota na Zemi\u201c, tedy planet\u011b jak je \u010dasto v&nbsp;N\u00e1vrhu zmi\u0148ovan\u00e9 mimo vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed oblast Geografie.&nbsp; Pokud se t\u00fdk\u00e1 zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed na jedince (jeho pot\u0159eby, my\u0161len\u00ed, uv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00ed si sebe sama), je nutn\u00e9 se zam\u011b\u0159ovat na jeho hodnoty a postoje, ne jen na znalosti a dovednosti, a tedy jeho zakotven\u00ed v&nbsp;m\u00edst\u011b, ne tolik v&nbsp;regionu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do tohoto OVU je mo\u017en\u00e9 zahrnovat pojem \u201e<strong>r\u00e1z krajiny<\/strong>\u201c, kter\u00fd je zakotven\u00fd z&nbsp;z\u00e1konech \u010cR, nebo pro m\u00edsto i filosoficky a kulturn\u011b definovan\u00fd pojem \u201e<strong>genius loci<\/strong>\u201c. V\u00edce nap\u0159\u00edklad i do \u010desk\u00e9ho jazyka p\u0159elo\u017een\u00e1 publikace od (Norberg-Schulz, 1979).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V&nbsp;tomto popisu chyb\u00ed naprosto propojenost na sou\u010dasn\u00e9 pr\u016f\u0159ezov\u00e9 t\u00e9ma \u201eEnvironment\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdchova\u201c, kter\u00e1 byla akreditov\u00e1na na M\u0160MT. V\u00edce viz (\u010cin\u010dera, Jan\u010da\u0159\u00edkov\u00e1, Kindlmannov\u00e1, \u0160imonov\u00e1, &amp; Volfov\u00e1, 2011).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><\/p><cite><strong>GEO-GEO-004-ZV9-018: <\/strong><em><strong>uplatn\u00ed<\/strong> na z\u00e1klad\u011b porozum\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed principy udr\u017eitelnosti v r\u016fzn\u00e9m prostorov\u00e9m a \u010dasov\u00e9m kontextu<\/em><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k OVU<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">OVU je v&nbsp;kognitivn\u00ed i znalostn\u00ed dimenzi na \u201eoptim\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c \u00farovni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159 k popisu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mnoh\u00e9 pro tento OVU plat\u00ed z&nbsp;p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edho o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9ho v\u00fdsledku (\u010d\u00edslo 17). Pro formulaci ve shod\u011b s&nbsp;RBT (Anderson &amp; Krathwohl, 2001) je pro kognitivn\u00ed dimenzi volit m\u00edsto \u201euplatn\u00ed\u201c \u010dinn\u00e9 sloveso \u201epou\u017eije\u201c nebo \u201evyu\u017eije\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u017divotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed (\u017dP) je v&nbsp;tomto OVU definovan\u00e9 tradi\u010dn\u011b: ekonomicky, soci\u00e1ln\u011b a environment\u00e1ln\u011b. Chyb\u00ed \u201eslo\u017eka\u201c kulturn\u00ed. Nap\u0159. obnova pam\u00e1tek po pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 kulturn\u00ed devastaci (zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v&nbsp;p\u0159\u00edhrani\u010d\u00ed), kter\u00e1 byla hybatelem v&nbsp;krajin\u011b i v obc\u00edch po roce 1990 \u2013 aktivity jednotlivc\u016f, spolk\u016f, firem ale i st\u00e1tu. Tato aktivita je kvantifikovan\u00e1 v&nbsp;po\u010dtu zapsan\u00fdch pam\u00e1tek na seznam UNESCO.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Shrnut\u00ed VO Geografie &#8211; Geografie<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na <strong>Obr\u00e1zku 3<\/strong> jsou dv\u011b tabulky dvou dimenz\u00ed RBT pro OV z&nbsp;RVP ZV (po revizi z&nbsp;ledna 2021)&nbsp; a pro OVU N\u00e1vrhu Velk\u00e9 revize RVP ZV (duben 2024). Jedn\u00e1 se o subjektivn\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed autora tohoto textu s&nbsp;pou\u017eit\u00edm hodnotitelsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1stroje RBT (Anderson &amp; Krathwohl, 2001). M\u00edru subjektivnosti jedn\u00edm hodnotitelem m\u016f\u017ee sn\u00ed\u017eit porovn\u00e1n\u00ed v&nbsp;\u010dase (2021 a 2024) a v&nbsp;konceptu (p\u016fvodn\u00ed RVP ZV a navrhovan\u00e1 Velk\u00e1 revize RVP ZV).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Obr\u00e1zek 3<\/strong> <em>Anal\u00fdza geografick\u00fdch OV z RVP ZV (leden 2021) a geografick\u00fdch OVU z N\u00e1vrhu Velk\u00e9 revize RVP ZV (duben 2024)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"344\" src=\"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/educator\/files\/2024\/05\/image-5-800x344.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1773\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/educator\/files\/2024\/05\/image-5-800x344.png 800w, https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/educator\/files\/2024\/05\/image-5-300x129.png 300w, https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/educator\/files\/2024\/05\/image-5-768x330.png 768w, https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/educator\/files\/2024\/05\/image-5.png 945w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zdroj: vlastn\u00ed anal\u00fdza. Pozn\u00e1mka: barevn\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00e1 nazna\u010duje \u201eoptim\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c \u00farove\u0148, tedy \u00farove\u0148 mezi minim\u00e1ln\u00ed a excelentn\u00ed \u00farovn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">P\u0159i srovn\u00e1n\u00ed OV a OVU z&nbsp;Obr\u00e1zku 3 vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 redukce t\u011bchto v\u00fdstup\u016f \/ v\u00fdsledk\u016f, co\u017e bylo p\u0159edm\u011btem Zad\u00e1n\u00ed pro pr\u00e1ce na Velk\u00e9 revizi RVP ZV.&nbsp; V&nbsp;kvalit\u011b m\u011b\u0159enou kognitivn\u00ed a znalostn\u00ed dimenz\u00ed (Anderson &amp; Krathwohl, 2001) tyto \u201ec\u00edle\u201c z\u016fst\u00e1valy z&nbsp;velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti v&nbsp;oblasti minim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b, i kdy\u017e ve Velk\u00e9 revizi do\u0161lo k&nbsp;m\u00edrn\u00e9mu posunu do \u201eoptim\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c \u00farovn\u011b. St\u00e1le v\u0161ak OVU jsou zat\u00ed\u017eeny faktick\u00fdmi znalostmi a v&nbsp;kognitivn\u00ed \u00farovni zapamatov\u00e1n\u00edm a pochopen\u00edm \/ porozum\u011bn\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201ePorozum\u011bt\u201c je v&nbsp;hegelovsk\u00e9 filosofii prvn\u00ed moment &#8211; okam\u017eik porozum\u011bn\u00ed. Je okam\u017eikem st\u00e1losti, ve kter\u00e9m maj\u00ed pojmy nebo formy zd\u00e1nliv\u011b stabiln\u00ed definici nebo ur\u010den\u00ed. Je to z\u00e1klad, na kter\u00e9m se pak stav\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed pozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b kritick\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed, hodnocen\u00ed, negov\u00e1n\u00ed apod., kter\u00e9 v&nbsp;duchu konstruktivistick\u00e9 pedagogiky n\u00e1sledn\u011b vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed kvalitu my\u0161len\u00ed, autenti\u010dnost, dovednosti u\u010dit se apod.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V&nbsp;dimenzi \u201epozn\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c je zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed OVU do kategorie \u201efaktick\u00e9\u201c. Odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed to st\u00e1le sou\u010dasn\u00fd stav \u0161kolsk\u00e9 praxe na z\u00e1kladn\u00edch \u0161kol\u00e1ch. &nbsp;Zm\u011bna, kter\u00e1 odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed \u201eodklon\u201c od fakt\u016f, je ve sm\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed, k vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed, analyzov\u00e1n\u00ed i hodnocen\u00ed faktick\u00fdch znalost\u00ed. Pro optim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 by sta\u010dilo \u201epou\u017e\u00edvat\u201c \u010di \u201evyu\u017e\u00edvat\u201c, pop\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u201eanalyzovat\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pouze v&nbsp;jednom geografick\u00e9m OVU (GEO-GEO-003-ZV9-013) v&nbsp;t\u00e9matu \u201em\u00edsta a regiony sv\u011bta\u201c se odkazuje na <strong>vlastn\u00ed ment\u00e1ln\u00ed mapy<\/strong>, tj. znalostn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 meta-kognice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">P\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9 je, \u017ee se v&nbsp;t\u00e9to vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed oblasti (VO) a konkr\u00e9tn\u011b v&nbsp;t\u00e9matu \u201eM\u00edsta a regiony\u201c se neobjevuje koncept m\u00edstn\u011b zakotven\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed (<em>place-based learning \/ education<\/em>) a naopak se s&nbsp;n\u00edm po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 ve VO \u201eUm\u011bn\u00ed a kultura\u201c. S&nbsp;t\u00edmto konceptem by se tak\u00e9 m\u011blo pracovat v&nbsp;pr\u016f\u0159ezov\u00e9m t\u00e9matu \u201eUdr\u017eiteln\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V&nbsp;N\u00e1vrhu je t\u0159eba se v&nbsp;geografick\u00e9m vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00edce zam\u011b\u0159ovat na propojov\u00e1n\u00ed \u201ep\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho\u201c s \u201ekulturn\u00edm\u201c, nikoli jen s \u201esocioekonomick\u00fdm\u201c. Bude tak v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed d\u016fraz kladen\u00fd na hodnoty a postoje, kter\u00e9 mohou, ale ne nutn\u011b\u201c, vych\u00e1zet z&nbsp;p\u0159\u00ed\u010din a d\u016fsledk\u016f \/ n\u00e1sledk\u016f. Mluv\u00edm o posunu konceptu do \u201epowerful knowledge\u201c (Young, Lambert, Roberts, &amp; Roberts, 2014; Young, Unleashing the power of knowledge for all, 2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Naprosto nedostate\u010dn\u00e1 pozornost je v&nbsp;p\u0159edkl\u00e1dan\u00e9m N\u00e1vrhu pro Geografii srozumiteln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed definici a odborn\u011b (geograficky) spr\u00e1vn\u00e9mu vymezen\u00ed pojm\u016f \u201em\u00edsto\u201c a \u201eregion\u201c. Jak bylo uvedeno v\u00fd\u0161e, v&nbsp;zahrani\u010d\u00ed, nap\u0159. US geografick\u00fdch standardech se tyto pojmy rozli\u0161uj\u00ed. V&nbsp;\u010cesku oba pojmy u\u017eivatel\u00e9 prezentuj\u00ed jako neodd\u011blitelnou dvojici, podobn\u011b jako v&nbsp;obecn\u00e9 didaktice je takovou neodd\u011blitelnou dvojic\u00ed \u201ev\u011bdomosti a dovednosti\u201c (viz nap\u0159\u00edklad (Pr\u016fcha &amp; Mare\u0161, 2003).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pou\u017eit\u00e1 literatura<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Anderson, L. W., &amp; Krathwohl, D. R. (2001)<\/strong>. <em>A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching and Assessing<\/em> (Abridged Edition ed.). New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.<\/li><li><strong>Beck, C., Grieser, J., &amp; Rubel, F. (2005, January<\/strong>). <em>Characterizing Global Climate Change by means of K\u00f6ppen Climate Classification.<\/em> Retrieved March 22, 2020, from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/255532038_Characterizing_Global_Climate_Change_by_means_of_Koppen_Climate_Classification<\/li><li><strong>Bednarz, S. W., Bettis, N. C., Boehm, R. 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(2002, April)<\/strong>. Place-based education: learning to be where we are. <em>Phi Delta Kappan, 83<\/em>(8), pp. 584-594. Retrieved May 3, 2023, from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/requests\/attachment\/112648556<\/li><li><strong>Sobel, D. (2004, 2005)<\/strong>. <em>Place-Based Education. Connecting Classrooms and Communities<\/em> (2 ed., Vol. Orion&#8217;s Nature Literacy Series). Great Barrington: The Orion Society.<\/li><li><strong>Sobotov\u00e1, M., &amp; Sobota, K. (1996)<\/strong>. <em>Zem\u011bpisn\u00fd n\u00e1\u010drtn\u00edk.<\/em> Praha: Nakladatelstv\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 geografick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti.<\/li><li><strong>St\u00f6rig, H. J. (1991)<\/strong>. <em>Mal\u00e9 d\u011bjiny filozofie.<\/em> (P. Rezek, P\u0159ekl.) Praha: ZVON. \u010cesk\u00e9 katolick\u00e9 nakladatestv\u00ed.<\/li><li><strong>\u0160imik, O., \u0160imlov\u00e1, \u017d., Seberov\u00e1, A., &amp; G\u00f6belov\u00e1, T. (2023)<\/strong>. <em>Gradovan\u00e9 \u00falohy v geografick\u00e9m vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed na z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0161kole.<\/em> prosinec: Ostravk\u00e1 univerzita, Pedagogick\u00e1 fakulta. Z\u00edsk\u00e1no 15. kv\u011bten 2024, z https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Ondrej-Simik\/publication\/378401729_Gradovane_ulohy_v_geografickem_vzdelavani_na_zakladni_skole\/links\/65d84b1dadc608480ae04af2\/Gradovane-ulohy-v-geografickem-vzdelavani-na-zakladni-skole.pdf<\/li><li><strong>V\u00e1vra, J. (3. \u010dervenec 2017).<\/strong> <em>Litosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 desky a Kontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed drift v z\u00e1kladn\u00edm vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed na transfer v\u011bdeck\u00fdch znalost\u00ed a kvalitativn\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed s ov\u011b\u0159en\u00edm n\u011bkter\u00fdch poznatk\u016f v 6. ro\u010dn\u00edku zem\u011bpisu.<\/em> Z\u00edsk\u00e1no 3. \u010dervenec 2017, z RVP.cz; Metodick\u00fd port\u00e1l: https:\/\/clanky.rvp.cz\/clanek\/a\/853\/21289\/LITOSFERICKE-DESKY-A-KONTINENTALNI-DRIFT-V-ZAKLADNIM-VZDELAVANI-ZAMERENI-NA-TRANSFER-VEDECKYCH-ZNALOSTI-A-KVALITATIVNI-HODNOCENI-S-OVERENIM-NEKTERYCH-POZNATKU-V-6-ROCNIKU-ZEMEPISU.html\/<\/li><li><strong>V\u00e1vra, J. (2018)<\/strong>. <em>Demografick\u00fd model, spir\u00e1lov\u00e9 kurikulum a SOLO taxonomie. Libereck\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad.<\/em> Praha: N\u00daV. Z\u00edsk\u00e1no 20. listopad 2018, z https:\/\/clanky.rvp.cz\/clanek\/a\/20839\/21753\/DEMOGRAFICKY-MODEL-SPIRALOVE-KURIKULUM-A-SOLO-TAXONOMIE-LIBERECKY-PRIKLAD.html\/<\/li><li><strong>V\u00e1vra, J. (4. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2018).<\/strong> <em>Oborov\u011b vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed t\u00e9ma &#8222;Tepl\u00e1 a studen\u00e1 fronta&#8220;.<\/em> Z\u00edsk\u00e1no 6. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 2018, z Metodick\u00fd port\u00e1l RVP.CZ: https:\/\/clanky.rvp.cz\/clanek\/c\/Z\/21794\/OBOROVE-VZDELAVACI-TEMA-%E2%80%9ETEPLA-A-STUDENA-FRONTA%E2%80%9C.html\/<\/li><li><strong>V\u00e1vra, J. (2019)<\/strong>. <em>Modr\u00e1 je dobr\u00e1? Recenze Koncepce geografick\u00e9ho vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Certifikovan\u00e1 metodika.<\/em> Praha: Metodick\u00fd port\u00e1l rvp.cz. Z\u00edsk\u00e1no 15. \u00fanor 2019, z http:\/\/educator.blogy.rvp.cz\/category\/recenze\/<\/li><li><strong>Yemini, M., Engel, L., &amp; Simon, A. B. (2023, January 30<\/strong>). <em>Place-based education\u2013a systematic review of literature.<\/em> doi:10.1080\/00131911.2023.2177260<\/li><li><strong>Young, M. (2015, September 1)<\/strong>. <em>Unleashing the power of knowledge for all.<\/em> Retrieved May 15, 2024, from https:\/\/www.spiked-online.com\/: https:\/\/www.spiked-online.com\/2015\/09\/01\/unleashing-the-power-of-knowledge-for-all\/<\/li><li><strong>Young, M., Lambert, D., Roberts, C., &amp; Roberts, M. (2014)<\/strong>. <em>Knowledge and the Future School. Curriculum and Social Justice.<\/em> London: BLOOMSBURY.<\/li><li><strong><em>Zad\u00e1n\u00ed pro NPI \u010cR. Revize R\u00e1mcov\u00e9ho vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edho programu pro z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/em> (leden 2023)<\/strong>. Z\u00edsk\u00e1no 18. duben 2024, z velk\u00e9 revize RVP ZV: https:\/\/velke-revize-zv.rvp.cz\/files\/iii-zadani-pro-npi-230131-final.pdf<\/li><\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Analytick\u00fd text Velk\u00e9 revize RVP ZV, zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na VO Geografie &#8211; Geografie. Pozoronost sm\u011b\u0159uje do OVU (o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9 v\u00fdstupy u\u010den\u00ed).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1425,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4632],"tags":[4646,4645],"class_list":["post-1757","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-revize-rvp","tag-geograficke-kurikulum","tag-rvp-zv"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/educator\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1757","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/educator\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/educator\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/educator\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1425"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/educator\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1757"}],"version-history":[{"count":28,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/educator\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1757\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1806,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/educator\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1757\/revisions\/1806"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/educator\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1757"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/educator\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1757"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/educator\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1757"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}