{"id":655,"date":"2011-03-26T19:56:33","date_gmt":"2011-03-26T18:56:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/?p=655"},"modified":"2011-03-26T19:56:33","modified_gmt":"2011-03-26T18:56:33","slug":"obhajoba","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/2011\/03\/26\/obhajoba\/","title":{"rendered":"Obhajoba"},"content":{"rendered":"

St\u00e1le tu hovo\u0159\u00edm o tom, \u017ee \u010d\u00edst znamen\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro\u017e\u00edvat. Mo\u017en\u00e1 proto se zd\u00e1, \u017ee v\u00fduka strategi\u00edm (napl\u00e1novan\u00fdcm krok\u016fm, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m pom\u00e1haj\u00ed pochopit text) vlastn\u011b tento intenzivn\u00ed pro\u017eitek naru\u0161uje. S touto kritikou se na m\u011b ob\u010das obracej\u00ed i \u017e\u00e1ci, podobn\u011b mluv\u00ed i n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed kritici. Ned\u00e1vno jsem se setkala s n\u00e1zorem jist\u00e9ho odborn\u00edka, kter\u00fd tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee se \u017e\u00e1ci nemusej\u00ed u\u010dit strategie, ale sta\u010d\u00ed, pokud tuto problematiku budou zn\u00e1t u\u010ditel\u00e9. Souhlas\u00edm v\u0161ak pouze s t\u00edm, \u017ee nic se nem\u00e1 p\u0159eh\u00e1n\u011bt, to znamen\u00e1 ani strategie.<\/p>\n

Ot\u00e1zka prvn\u00ed: Jak souvis\u00ed pro\u017eitek a suchop\u00e1rn\u00e9 procvi\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed strategi\u00ed? Mo\u017en\u00e1 zn\u00e1te ono p\u0159irovn\u00e1n\u00ed o \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i a \u0159idi\u010di auta. Kdy\u017e se \u010dlov\u011bk u\u010d\u00ed \u0159\u00eddit, mus\u00ed si uv\u011bdomit sled krok\u016f, kter\u00e9 vedou k rozjet\u00ed a \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed auta. Podobn\u011b \u010dten\u00e1\u0159  by se mohl u\u010dit t\u00edm, \u017ee se mu proces \u010dten\u00ed rozkrokuje a on tyto kroky bude opakovat tak \u010dasto, a\u017e se mu zautomatizuj\u00ed.  Je v\u0161ak v\u00fduka \u010dten\u00ed podobn\u00e1 v\u00fduce \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed?<\/p>\n

Ot\u00e1zka druh\u00e1: Co kdy\u017e \u017e\u00e1ci neum\u011bj\u00ed pro\u017e\u00edvat text? Mohli bychom je roze\u010d\u00edst tak, \u017ee jim budeme p\u0159ed\u010d\u00edtat, jak to rad\u00ed D. Pennac. Nebo prost\u011b je nadchnout \u010dten\u00edm t\u00edm, \u017ee jim umo\u017en\u00edme \u010d\u00edst knihu, kterou si sami zvol\u00ed. D. Pennac p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee jednou sami s\u00e1hnou po n\u011b\u010dem „kvalitn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm“. U m\u011b to tak fungovalo, ale ani dobrovoln\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br, ani povinn\u00e1 literatura m\u011b nanau\u010dila o textech p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se toti\u017e, \u017ee se \u010dten\u00e1\u0159 nau\u010d\u00ed uva\u017eovat o textu s\u00e1m. Nebo se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee si zautomatizuje dovednosti d\u00edky aktiviza\u010dn\u00edm metod\u00e1m. Mysl\u00edm si, \u017ee tohle v\u0161echno m\u016f\u017ee fungovat, ale jen jako podp\u016frn\u00e9 pom\u016fcky, proto\u017ee stejn\u011b podstatn\u00e9 je sd\u011blit \u017e\u00e1k\u016fm, jak p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let. D\u00e1t jim d\u00edky na\u0161emu modelov\u00e1n\u00ed slovn\u00ed z\u00e1sobu, kter\u00e1 jim umo\u017en\u00ed napl\u00e1novat si kroky k porozum\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Ot\u00e1zka t\u0159et\u00ed: „Pro\u010d mus\u00edm sv\u00e9mu mozku vys\u00edlat sign\u00e1ly, abych byl schopen pochopit text?“ zeptal se m\u011b ned\u00e1vno jeden dosp\u011bl\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk, kter\u00fd velmi \u0161patn\u011b \u010dte. (Formuloval ot\u00e1zku s\u00e1m, nev\u011bd\u011bl, \u010d\u00edm se zab\u00fdv\u00e1m!) Vysv\u011btlila jsem mu, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dten\u00e1\u0159, zku\u0161en\u00fd i nezku\u0161en\u00fd, vys\u00edl\u00e1 sign\u00e1ly „do sv\u00e9 hlavy“, kdy\u017e chce pochopit text. Jen ten zku\u0161en\u00fd to d\u011bl\u00e1 dovedn\u011bji, rychleji, \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bji a hlavn\u011b automaticky. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edho textu si dok\u00e1\u017ee rozpl\u00e1novat v\u00fdpravu za porozum\u011bn\u00edm.<\/p>\n

Maminka jde do obchodu.<\/em> T\u00e9to v\u011bt\u011b rozum\u00edte, \u017ee? Je zcela srozumiteln\u00e1. Jen\u017ee auto\u0159i n\u00e1m nesd\u011bluj\u00ed v\u0161e p\u0159\u00edmo, n\u011bkdy schv\u00e1ln\u011b, jindy nev\u011bdomky. Nap\u0159. v\u011bta Kapit\u00e1n na\u0159\u00eddil spustit k… <\/em>neobsahuje jedno slovo. P\u0159esto ho dok\u00e1\u017eeme doplnit. Jak? Jednotliv\u00e1 p\u00edsmena se\u0159ad\u00edme ve slabiky a slabiky ve slova. Za slova si dosad\u00edm obrazy na z\u00e1klad\u011b sv\u00fdch p\u0159edchoz\u00edch znalost\u00ed a zku\u0161enost\u00ed. (Odborn\u00edci tomu \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed sch\u00e9ma.) Pak sb\u00edr\u00e1m „stopy“ ve v\u011bt\u011b a porovn\u00e1v\u00e1m je se svou p\u0159edstavou. Hled\u00e1m v\u011bc na lodi, kter\u00e1 bude vyhovovat slovu spustit a bude za\u010d\u00ednat p\u00edsmenem k. Abych p\u0159i\u0161la na n\u00e1le\u017eit\u00e9 slovo, pot\u0159ebuji  t\u0159i v\u011bci:<\/p>\n

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\"Kapit\u00e1n<\/a>
Kapit\u00e1n na\u0159\u00eddil spustit k...<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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\"\"\"\"<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. um\u011bt skl\u00e1dat p\u00edsmena ve slova, zn\u00e1t gramatiku<\/li>\n
  2. svoji p\u0159edstavu o lodi<\/li>\n
  3. znalost (nebo dovednost) toho, jak moje p\u0159edstava komunikuje s textem (jak mi moje p\u0159edstava umo\u017en\u00ed pochopit text)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Mus\u00edm v\u011bd\u011bt, \u017ee si m\u00e1m text p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst znovu, jak hledat stopy, jak porovn\u00e1vat s vlastn\u00ed zku\u0161enost\u00ed a je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159et\u00edm mi mus\u00ed doj\u00edt, \u017ee n\u011bco v textu chyb\u00ed, \u017ee n\u011b\u010demu nerozum\u00edm. Pr\u00e1v\u011b to JAK \u017e\u00e1k\u016fm m\u00e1lo sd\u011blujeme. Jsme zvykl\u00ed jen polo\u017eit ot\u00e1zku: „Co dopln\u00ed\u0161 na konec v\u011bty?“ a douf\u00e1me, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1ci budou tak usilovn\u011b p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let, \u017ee na odpov\u011b\u010f p\u0159ijdou sami. Ot\u00e1zky p\u0159ece maj\u00ed v\u00e9st k p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161len\u00ed, ne? Podobn\u011b se chov\u00e1me i u zad\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch aktiviza\u010dn\u00edch metod. Pokud zad\u00e1me \u017e\u00e1k\u016fm vytvo\u0159en\u00ed ot\u00e1zky, ani\u017e bychom nejprve modelovali kladen\u00ed ot\u00e1zek a postupn\u011b tuto dovednost se \u017e\u00e1ky zkou\u0161eli, zase jen douf\u00e1me, \u017ee budou tak usilovn\u011b p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let, a\u017e se nau\u010d\u00ed kl\u00e1st ot\u00e1zky sami.<\/p>\n

    V anglick\u00e9 literatu\u0159e se mluv\u00ed o p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch instrukc\u00edch (direct- strategy instruction) nebo tak\u00e9 o explicitn\u00edch instrukc\u00edch. Implicitn\u00ed instrukce se neprojevily ve v\u00fdzkumech jako efektivn\u00ed. (Thom Hudson: Teaching Second Language Reading) P\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161len\u00edm nahlas m\u016f\u017eeme vyjevit \u017e\u00e1k\u016fm ono skryt\u00e9 a magick\u00e9 tajemstv\u00ed. JAK ty sign\u00e1ly vlastn\u011b vys\u00edl\u00e1me my, zku\u0161en\u00ed \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i. Ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 jedn\u00edm dechem dod\u00e1v\u00e1m, \u017ee k pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 hloubce v\u00fduky \u010dten\u00ed budeme pot\u0159ebovat i to v\u0161echno ostatn\u00ed. V\u011bd\u011bt, jak n\u00e1m pom\u00e1haj\u00ed aktiviza\u010dn\u00ed metody, formy pr\u00e1ce, ot\u00e1zky kladen\u00e9 u\u010ditelem… V\u00fduka strategi\u00edm jen pro strategie bude k ni\u010demu. I strategie se maj\u00ed st\u00e1t jen prost\u0159edkem k pro\u017eitku ze \u010dten\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    P\u0159i\u0161li jste na to, co kapit\u00e1n na\u0159\u00eddil spustit?<\/p>\n

    Jak\u00fd je v\u00e1\u0161 n\u00e1zor?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    St\u00e1le tu hovo\u0159\u00edm o tom, \u017ee \u010d\u00edst znamen\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro\u017e\u00edvat. Mo\u017en\u00e1 proto se zd\u00e1, \u017ee v\u00fduka strategi\u00edm (napl\u00e1novan\u00fdcm krok\u016fm, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m pom\u00e1haj\u00ed pochopit text) vlastn\u011b tento intenzivn\u00ed pro\u017eitek naru\u0161uje. S touto kritikou se na m\u011b ob\u010das obracej\u00ed i \u017e\u00e1ci, podobn\u011b mluv\u00ed i n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed kritici. Ned\u00e1vno jsem se setkala s n\u00e1zorem jist\u00e9ho odborn\u00edka, kter\u00fd tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":401,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[335],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-655","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-teorie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/655","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/401"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=655"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/655\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":667,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/655\/revisions\/667"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=655"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=655"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=655"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}