{"id":257,"date":"2009-11-26T21:30:34","date_gmt":"2009-11-26T20:30:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/?p=257"},"modified":"2010-01-31T18:00:55","modified_gmt":"2010-01-31T17:00:55","slug":"jak-ucim-shrnovani","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/2009\/11\/26\/jak-ucim-shrnovani\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak u\u010d\u00edm shrnov\u00e1n\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>V minul\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku jsem se zab\u00fdvala t\u00edm, co znamen\u00e1 strategie shrnov\u00e1n\u00ed a jak\u00e1 krit\u00e9ria jsem si vytvo\u0159ila pro hodnocen\u00ed.\u00a0 Douf\u00e1m, \u017ee jsem sv\u00e9 \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e neodradila. Dnes pop\u00ed\u0161u, jak konkr\u00e9tn\u011b v hodin\u00e1ch postupuji. I kdy\u017e tuto strategii u\u010d\u00edm u\u017e pon\u011bkolik\u00e1t\u00e9, st\u00e1le p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00edm na n\u011bco nov\u00e9ho.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Na za\u010d\u00e1tku se sna\u017e\u00edm vysv\u011btlit \u017e\u00e1k\u016fm, pro\u010d je pro m\u011b shrnut\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9. Prozrad\u00edm, \u017ee jsem po &#8222;zhltnut\u00ed&#8220; H. Pottera nebyla schopn\u00e1 uv\u011bdomit si souvislosti, kter\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161ili n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed jin\u00ed \u010dten\u00e1\u0159i. To plat\u00ed i o sledov\u00e1n\u00ed zpr\u00e1v nebo naslouch\u00e1n\u00ed druh\u00e9mu \u010dlov\u011bku. (Mluv\u00edm konkr\u00e9tn\u011b, nap\u0159. o poh\u00e1dk\u00e1ch m\u00e9ho syna, kter\u00fd si pamatuje postavy &#8211; i podle oble\u010den\u00ed &#8211; l\u00edp ne\u017e j\u00e1.) <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/wp-includes\/js\/tinymce\/plugins\/wordpress\/img\/trans.gif\" alt=\"\" \/>Krom\u011b toho n\u00e1m, stejn\u011b jako jin\u00e9 strategie, shrnut\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uje l\u00e9pe pochopit text. N\u011bkdy n\u00e1m toti\u017e unikaj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 detaily, kter\u00e9 se vyklubou a\u017e p\u0159i dal\u0161\u00edm p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161len\u00ed. D\u00e1le objasn\u00edm, \u017ee se m\u016f\u017eeme nau\u010dit shrnout text vlastn\u00edmi slovy pomoc\u00ed n\u011bkolika krok\u016f, kter\u00e9 se budeme u\u010dit postupn\u011b. Pokud u\u010d\u00edm shrnov\u00e1n\u00ed v 6. a 7. t\u0159\u00edd\u011b, sna\u017e\u00edm se v\u00fdklad propojit s vypravov\u00e1n\u00edm ve slohu.<\/p>\n<h4>Viditelnost my\u0161lenkov\u00fdch pochod\u016f<\/h4>\n<p>Proto\u017ee se sna\u017e\u00edme pracovat s my\u0161lenkov\u00fdmi\u00a0 procesy, pot\u0159ebujeme je u\u010dinit viditeln\u00fdmi. Z\u00e1pisky a pozn\u00e1mky \u017e\u00e1k\u016f slou\u017e\u00ed k nahl\u00e9dnut\u00ed do jejich hlavy, abychom mohli pomoci rozv\u00edjet jejich my\u0161len\u00ed. Pro uchov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1pad\u016f b\u011bhem \u010detby se u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 zna\u010dky, psan\u00ed pozn\u00e1mek do okraj\u016f a na post-ity nebo r\u016fzn\u00e9 druhy tabulek a organiz\u00e1tor\u016f. Proto\u017ee \u017e\u00e1ci v\u011bt\u0161inou nikdy nesly\u0161eli pojem organiz\u00e1tor (ani u\u010ditel\u00e9), mus\u00edm jim vysv\u011btlit, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o n\u00e1kres, kter\u00fd n\u00e1m umo\u017en\u00ed ut\u0159\u00eddit si informace a l\u00e9pe si je zapamatovat. A samoz\u0159ejm\u011b jim p\u0159edv\u00e9st, jak se s organiz\u00e1tory pracuje. P\u0159i shrnov\u00e1n\u00ed je zejm\u00e9na u\u010d\u00edm podtrh\u00e1vat d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 informace (kdo vystupuje v p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu, kdy a kde se p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh odehr\u00e1v\u00e1) &#8211; doslova \u0159\u00edk\u00e1m, \u017ee ke \u010dten\u00ed pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed \u010d\u00edtanku, hlavu a tu\u017eku, jinak by sv\u00e9 n\u00e1pady zapomn\u011bli a u\u017e bychom se je nikdy nedov\u011bd\u011bli. A to by byla \u0161koda. Potrh\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed p\u0159edstavuje z\u00e1rove\u0148 \u00favodn\u00ed informace pro 1. organiz\u00e1tor s p\u0159edepsan\u00fdmi novin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi ot\u00e1zkami. Nejd\u0159\u00edve jsem si myslela, \u017ee nen\u00ed pot\u0159eba tuto \u010d\u00e1st modelovat (p\u0159edv\u00e1d\u011bt, co se mi d\u011bje v hlav\u011b). Zjistila jsem v\u0161ak, \u017ee \u0159ada \u017e\u00e1k\u016f podtrh\u00e1v\u00e1 cel\u00e9 \u0159\u00e1dky informac\u00ed.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/files\/2009\/11\/Novin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9-ot\u00e1zky.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Novin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> Kdo (postavy) &#8211; kr\u00e1l \u0160\u00e1hrij\u00e1r, vez\u00edrova dcera \u0160ahraz\u00e1d<\/li>\n<li>Co (co se d\u011bje) &#8211; \u0160ahraz\u00e1d vypr\u00e1v\u00ed kr\u00e1li poh\u00e1dky<\/li>\n<li>Kde (m\u00edsto) &#8211; v pal\u00e1ci<\/li>\n<li>Kdy (\u010das) &#8211; p\u0159ed d\u00e1vn\u00fdmi \u010dasy<\/li>\n<li>Jak (zp\u016fsob) &#8211; \u0160ahraz\u00e1d vypr\u00e1v\u00ed v\u017edy jen p\u016fl poh\u00e1dky.<\/li>\n<li>Pro\u010d (p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny, motivy) &#8211; Proto\u017ee si cht\u011bla zachr\u00e1nit \u017eivot t\u00edm, \u017ee bude nap\u00ednat kr\u00e1lovu zv\u011bdavost.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>K \u010demu to je?<\/h4>\n<p>T\u011bchto \u00favodn\u00edch informac\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1m nap\u0159\u00edklad k p\u0159edv\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed. (Ale \u017e\u00e1k\u016fm je\u0161t\u011b strategii nedefinuji.) Zku\u0161en\u00fd \u010dten\u00e1\u0159 \u010das od \u010dasu p\u0159eru\u0161uje sv\u00e9 \u010dten\u00ed, aby si zrekapituloval d\u011bj i sv\u00e9 p\u0159ipom\u00ednky k textu, zjistil, co v\u00ed, k \u010demu se mus\u00ed vr\u00e1tit a jestli dok\u00e1\u017ee odhadnout budouc\u00ed d\u011bj nebo z\u00e1m\u011br autora. I \u017e\u00e1ci se mus\u00ed nau\u010dit, \u017ee zastavov\u00e1n\u00ed nep\u0159edstavuje zpomalen\u00ed, ale naopak zkvalitn\u011bn\u00ed porozum\u011bn\u00ed. Pr\u00e1v\u011b diskuse nad \u00favodn\u00edmi informacemi zavd\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost k tomu, abychom hovo\u0159ili o tom, jak n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed l\u00e9pe pochopit text (v\u017e\u00edt se do postav, p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let o motivech a r\u016fzn\u00fdch mo\u017enostech z\u00e1pletky) a kdy se \u010dten\u00e1\u0159 pot\u0159ebuje zastavit a p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let. N\u011bkter\u00e9 z n\u00e1vrh\u016f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Film v hlav\u011b se p\u0159est\u00e1v\u00e1 vytv\u00e1\u0159et.<\/li>\n<li>\u010cteme, ale p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161l\u00edme o n\u011b\u010dem jin\u00e9m.<\/li>\n<li>Nejsme schopni shrnout posledn\u00ed odstavce.<\/li>\n<li>Objev\u00ed se postavy, ale nev\u00edme, kdo jsou.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Mapa p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu<\/h4>\n<p>Po zvl\u00e1dnut\u00ed organiz\u00e1toru s novin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi ot\u00e1zkami se pokou\u0161\u00edme rozpracovat si mapu p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu. T\u011bch najdeme na r\u016fzn\u00fdch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch n\u011bkolik. <span>Vedouc\u00ed slova v\u00a0t\u00e9to tabulce m\u016f\u017eeme m\u011bnit podle typu p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu, ale z\u00e1klad z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 stejn\u00fd, tzn. naj\u00edt z\u00e1pletku, vrchol d\u00edla a rozuzlen\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>N\u011bkdo\u00a0 (Postava)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Cht\u011bla (c\u00edl, motivace)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Ale (konflikt, probl\u00e9m)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>A tak (pokusn\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Ale (komplikace)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>A tak (vrchol)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Nakonec (\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Nebo:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>N\u011bkdo (hlavn\u00ed postava)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Cht\u011bl (c\u00edl)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>A tak (o co se pokusil)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Ale (konflikt)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>A tak (roz\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Nakonec (pokud je z\u00e1v\u011br odli\u0161n\u00fd od p\u0159edchoz\u00edho bodu)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed varianta:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>N\u011bkdo (hlavn\u00ed postavy)<\/li>\n<li>Cht\u011bl (c\u00edl)<\/li>\n<li>Proto\u017ee (motivace)<\/li>\n<li>Ale (konflikt)<\/li>\n<li>A tak (roz\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Dlouho jsem p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161lela, kter\u00e1 varianta bude nejlep\u0161\u00ed. Nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1m tu prvn\u00ed, v angli\u010dtin\u011b u text\u016f v Projectu se osv\u011bd\u010dila nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed verze. Zvolila jsem proto kombinaci n\u00e1kresu <a href=\"http:\/\/www.everythingesl.net\/inservices\/graphic_organizers.php\" target=\"_blank\">Story Action Map<\/a> s \u00favodn\u00edmi slovy. Bohu\u017eel mi nevych\u00e1zel vrcholov\u00fd bod, a tak jsem zvolila netypicky &#8222;ale&#8220; do vrcholu (n\u011bkdy ho nahrazujeme slovem pak). Pokra\u010dujeme ucelen\u00fdm shrnut\u00edm vlast\u00edmi slovy, kde \u017e\u00e1ci mohou dodat dal\u0161\u00ed informace tak, aby se slova zbyte\u010dn\u011b neopakovala.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/files\/2009\/11\/mapa.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Mapa p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu<\/a><br \/>\nNutit se do p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161len\u00ed o shrnut\u00ed a jeho nejlep\u0161\u00ed variant\u011b je vlastn\u011b hrozn\u011b nudn\u00e9. Pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b proto diskutujeme o postav\u00e1ch, motivaci, mo\u017en\u00fdch \u0159e\u0161en\u00edch&#8230; Tak aby se neztratila radost ze \u010dten\u00ed a z\u00e1rove\u0148 jsme si dok\u00e1zali, pro\u010d je shrnov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9. To cel\u00e9, zar\u00e1mov\u00e1no do evokace a reflexe, nemus\u00ed nutn\u011b vytvo\u0159it nejnudn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hodinu. C\u00edlem je, aby se jednou sami \u017e\u00e1ci zastavovali, pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b shrnovali a um\u011bli si kl\u00e1st ot\u00e1zky.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/files\/2009\/11\/O-egyptsk\u00e9-princi.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">P\u0159\u00edprava na hodinu: O egyptsk\u00e9m princi<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V minul\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku jsem se zab\u00fdvala t\u00edm, co znamen\u00e1 strategie shrnov\u00e1n\u00ed a jak\u00e1 krit\u00e9ria jsem si vytvo\u0159ila pro hodnocen\u00ed.\u00a0 Douf\u00e1m, \u017ee jsem sv\u00e9 \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e neodradila. Dnes pop\u00ed\u0161u, jak konkr\u00e9tn\u011b v hodin\u00e1ch postupuji. I kdy\u017e tuto strategii u\u010d\u00edm u\u017e pon\u011bkolik\u00e1t\u00e9, st\u00e1le p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00edm na n\u011bco nov\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":401,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[337],"tags":[401,403],"class_list":["post-257","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-namety","tag-organizatory","tag-poznamky"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/257","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/401"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=257"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/257\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":299,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/257\/revisions\/299"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=257"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=257"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogy.rvp.cz\/cteni\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=257"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}